Microbial fermentation methods

Japan, pat. 732C86) (to Ajinomoto), C.A. 51, 3870b (1957). Structure Levene, Bess, op. ctt.. pp 187-192 Bredereck, Ber. 66, 198 (1933) Levene, Tipson, J. Biol. Chem. Ill, 3t3 (1935). Also prepd from muscle by enzymatic deamination of muscle adenylic acid Ostem, Biochem. Z. 254, 63 (1932) by hydrolysis of inosine triphosphate Kleinzeller, Biochem. J. 36, 729 (1942). Studies on the enzymatic synthesis Greenberg, J. Biol. Chem. 198, 611 (1951) Korn et al, ibid 217, 875 (1955). Microbial fermentation method using mutant strains of Micrococcus glutamicus Kinoshita el al. U.S. pat. 3,232,844 (1966 to Kyowa). 

S. boulardii is a nonpathogenic yeast with proven efficacy in the prevention of AAD in multiple trials in adults and children [7, 8, 78], The yeast may compensate for changes in microbial fermentation in response to antibiotic therapy [78], Its use to prevent AAD in at-risk patients should be a good adjunct to other methods such as limiting C. difficile overgrowth [1],... 

The immobilization of microbial cells under conditions where an activity or set of enzymic activities remains intact, but the normal metabolic processes cease, represents a novel technique for enzyme immobilization. Moreover, immobilized cells might enable the standard fermentation methods to be replaced by immobilized -cell -based continuous processes. 

The next great chemist to take up the challenge of making other human steroids was the Austrian-born Carl Djerassi, who fled his coimtry after the Nazi invasion in iggS, and joined the Swiss owned CIBA company in New York. He subsequently joined Syntex (now a respectable company after that shady start) and devised a way of making cortisone from extracts of Mexican yams or sisal. However, the Syntex synthesis of cortisone was never commercially successful because a competing method, involving the use of microbial fermentation, could provide a cheaper product. 

The aeration method most widely used in animal cell cultures is bubble aeration, just as in microbial fermentations. This method is simple and consists of bubbling a gas stream directly into the culture medium, using a... 

Figure 9.19 also suggests that there is an optimization window available developing new cell culture methods that provide cell concentrations in the range of 107 to 108 cells mL-1 could represent requirements still lower than in microbial fermentations, but at the same time a significant increase in the volumetric productivities of industrial animal cell processes. 

The biopharmaceuticals sales are about 45 billion and represent 10 percent of the total pharma market. Today, 25 percent of new drugs are biopharmaceuticals. Since the introduction of insulin over 25 years ago, 160 biopharma products, ranging from proteins, monoclonal antibodies, and nucleic acid-based products, have been approved for use. In 2004 alone, 12 new biopharmaceuticals have been approved, of which only 3 are produced by microbial fermentation, as cell culture is the preferred method for production of biopharma drugs. 

Libraries of synthetic combinatorial chemicals complement libraries of natural product metabolites, but do not duplicate or replace them. Examples of side-by-side screening of synthetic combinatorial chemicals and microbial fermentation extracts indicate that both sets of chemical diversity can provide unique leads. The quantity of leads generated by each method is irrelevant, if the quality of the lead is not considered. Therefore, scientific research should be focussed not on which type of library is better, but rather how to take advantage of both resources in a cost-effective and timely manner. 

In conclusion, the examples given in this section are merely a small portion of the inunense amount of information that is currently in the literature. It is hoped that this information will lead to novel methods of efhciently generating new agents from many natural sources. Once this has been achieved, an appropriate combination of microbial fermentation, combinatorial biosyntheses or total chemical syntheses will make the original compounds and derivatives available to assist in the generation of new medicinal or other agents for use in the human, veterinary, and agricultural arenas. 

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Microbial Fermentation Schemes... 

There are advantages and disadvantages in both fermentation methods. Although the SSF requires a longer fermentation period for microbial growth than the SMF, it reduces the volume of liquid effluents from the fermentation process (Raimbault... 

All biotechnological processes depend on enzymes - either in whole-cell living systems or isolated out of their biological context. In fact, purified enzymes are established in processing food and textiles and are supplements in feed and detergents - all products of everybody s daily life. Whole-cell systems particularly in the field of specialty chemicals provide a broad range of methods and processes. For many years, enantiomerically pure amino acids for food, feed and pharma industries have been produced by microbial fermentation. Ambitious R D resulted in enzymes especially modified and optimized for a desired chemical reaction such as biocatalysis of optically active amines, alcohols, epoxides and more. ... 

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