Metronidazole analysis

Erk and Altun [24] used a ratio spectra derivative spectrophotometric method and a high performance liquid chromatographic method for the analysis of miconazole nitrate and metronidazole in ovules. The spectral method depends on ratio spectra first derivative spectrophotometry, by utilizing the linear relationship between substances concentration and ratio spectra first derivative peak amplitude. The ratio... 

Animal and human studies support the use of antibiotics for the prevention of infectious morbidity and mortality in severe ANP. The most effective antimicrobial agents are the fluoroquinolones, imipenem-cilastatin, and metronidazole, which achieve adequate penetration into pancreatic juice and necrotic tissue and inhibit the growth of enteric bacteria. Although a recent meta-analysis [185] suggested that prophylactic antibiotic administration reduces sepsis and mortality and this approach has been recommended by recent guidelines and consensus state-... 

Pavia M, Nobile CG, Bianco A, Angelillo IF Meta-analysis of local metronidazole in the treatment of chronic periodontitis. J Periodontol 2004 75 830-838. 

Metronidazole Hierarchical and stepwise classification, stepwise discriminant analysis and PCA Assure the quality of the drug 67... 

Srinath and Bagavant reported a spectrophotometric method for the analysis of binary mixtures of diloxanide furoate and tinidazole or metronidazole [14]. The mixtures were analyzed at 258 and 310 nm, and it was found that Beer s law was obeyed over the range of 10 to 25 jrg/mL of tinidazole and diloxanide furoate. Analyte recoveries were in the range of 98.2 to 101.9%. 

Talwar et al. reported a simultaneous spectrophotometric determination of diloxanide furoate and metronidazole in dosage forms [15]. The drug substances were extracted from tablets with methanol, and the extract diluted with 0.01 M sodium hydroxide. The absorbance of the solution was measured at 247 and 320 nm against 0.01 M sodium hydroxide, and the concentration of each individual drug was calculated by the Vierordt method. Drug recoveries were in the range of 99 to 100%, and the method was satisfactorily applied to the analysis of commercial samples. 

Das and Haider described a simultaneous spectrophotometrie method for the analysis of binary dosage form mixtures of diloxanide furoate with metronidazole or with tinidazole [19], Powdered tablets or suspension, equivalent to 50 mg of the drug substances, were dissolved in 50 mL of dimethylformamide with shaking. After 15 minutes, the solution was diluted to 100 mL with water and filtered. A 1 mL portion of the filtrate was diluted to 50 mL with water, and the absorbance of the resulting solution measured at 320 and 262 nm for metronidazole and diloxanide furoate simultaneously. Alternatively, readings were taken at 318 and 262 nm for the simultaneous determination of tinidazole and diloxanide furoate. Recoveries were reported to be quantitative. 

Two differential spectrophotometric methods were used by Chatterjee et al. for the simultaneous analysis of diloxanide furoate and metronidazole in pharmaceutical formulations [24]. The first method involved measurement of the absorbance of a methanolic solution of the two drugs at 259 and 311 nm. Since the absorbance of diloxanide furoate at 311 nm is zero, the concentration of metronidazole is directly measured, and a simple equation based on absorbance ratios is used to calculate the concentration of diloxanide furoate. The second method was a differential spectrophotometric determination based on pH-induced spectral changes, on changing from an acidic to an alkaline solution. A marked bathochromic shift was exhibited by metronidazole, while diloxanide furoate showed a slight hypsochromic shift. The wavelength of maximum absorption difference for diloxanide furoate was 267 nm, where metronidazole did not absorb. Similarly, diloxanide furoate did not interfere with metronidazole at when measured at 322 nm. 

El-gizawy reported the analysis of diloxanide furoate in its dosage forms by a HPLC method [40]. Furazol tablets containing 200 mg of metronidazole and 250 mg of diloxanide furoate were treated with 50 mL of methanol, sonicated for 10 minutes, and diluted to 100 mL with methanol. A portion of the resulting solution was centrifuged, and a 20 pL portion of the clear supernatant solution diluted to 10 mL with the mobile phase. This process yielded a final analyte concentration equivalent to 5 pg/mL. 20 pL aliquots of the solution were annualized by HPLC using a stainless steel column (10 cm x 4.6 mm) packed with Cyclobond I. The mobile phase consisted of 13 7 0.05 M phosphate buffer (pH 7) methanol (flow rate of 1 mL/min), and detection was performed at 254 nm. 

Fig. 8 SDS-PAGE (a) and Western blot (b) analysis of the purified hydrogenosomal fractions isolated from the metronidazole-susceptible T. vaginalis strain TV 10-02 (P) and its metronidazole-resistant derivatives MR-3, MR-5, MR-30, MR-50, and MR-100 displaying the aerobic (3), early anaerobic (5), advanced anaerobic (30, 50), and fully developed anaerobic resistance (100) to metronidazole. Numbers in the designation of MR strains indicate the concentrations of metronidazole in ixg/ml at which the organisms multiply in culture. About 10 pg protein was loaded per line. PFOR pyruvate ferredoxin oxidoreduc-tase, a-STK a subunit of succinate thiokinase (hydrogenosomal enzyme not involved in metronidazole resistance used as control), Fdx ferredoxin. From Rasoloson et al. (2002) by courtesy of the Society of General Microbiology...

Analysis of the data from the I vaginalis genome sequencing project indicates that the mechanisms involved in acquisition of metronidazole resistance by this parasite might be more complex than currently understood. 

Ellis JE, Yarlett N, Cole D, Humphreys MJ, Lloyd D (1994) Antioxidant defenses in the microaerophilic protozoan Trichomonas vaginalis—comparison of metronidazole-resistant and sensitive strains. Microbiol-SGM 140 2489-2494 Haggoud A, Reysset G, Azeddoug H, Sebald M (1994) Nucleotide sequence analysis of two 5-nitroimidazole resistance determinants from Bacterioides strains and of a new insertion sequence upstream of the two genes. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 38 1047-1051... 

Haresh K, Suresh K, Khairul Anus A, Saminathan S (1999) Isolate resistance of Blastocystis hominis to metronidazole. Trop Med Int Health 4 274-277 Inui H, Ono K, Miyatake K, Nakano Y, Kitaoka S (1987) Purification and characterization of pyruvate NADP+ oxidoreductase in Euglena gracilis. J Biol Chem 262 9130-9135 Keithly JS, Langreth SG, Buttle KF, Mannella CA (2005) Electron tomographic and ultra-structural analysis of the Cryptosporidium parvum relict mitochondrion, its associated membranes, and organelles. J Eukaryot Microbiol 52 132-140 Kurland CG, Andersson SGE (2000) Origin and evolution of the mitochondrial proteome. Micro Mol Biol Rev 64 786-820... 

High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) has been used to analyze metronidazole [1435-1437], misonidazole [1309,1438], and other nitroimidazoles [1435, 1439] in body fluids or pharmaceutical dosage forms. HPLC analysis of effect of hypoxic-cell radiosensitizer misonidazole on the radiation-induced reduction of DNA bases (thymine, cytosine, and adenine) has been carried out [1440, 1441], HPLC was employed to characterize different nitroimidazoles [327, 366, 388,409, 450, 1442-1444], nitropyrazoles [246, 301], nitrothiazoles [366], l-aryl(hetaryl)-4-nitro-l,2,3-triazoles [601], nitrobenzimidazoles [707], nitrobenzofurazans [774, 1445-1449], nitrobenzotriazoles [1450],... 

Nemutlu et al. [22] determined lomoxicam in pharmaceutical preparations by a liquid chromatographic method. The separation was achieved on a reversed phase (Nucleosil 100-5 Cis 25 cm x 4.6 mm, 5 gm) column kept at room temperature. The flow rate of mobile phase was 1 ml / min. The mobile phase consisted of 0.1 M phosphate buffer (pH 6)-acetonitrile (60 40) and UV detection at 293 nm. The retention times for the drug and the internal standard, metronidazole, were 5.65 and 3.95 min, respectively. Quantitative analysis of the drug in tablets and injections were performed. The method is fast, simple, inexpensive and applicable over a wide range of concentrations with high precision and accuracy. 

Proton pump inhibitor-based three-drug regimens with two antibiotics (see Table 33-8) constitute first-line therapy for eradication of HP 1,5,36 meta-analysis of 666 studies indicates that PPI-based regimens that combine clarithromycin and amoxicillin, clarithromycin and metronidazole, or amoxicillin and metronidazole yield similar eradication rates (78.9% to 82.8%) nsing intent-to-treat analysis however, other studies suggest that the amoxiciUin-metronidazole combination is less effective. Eradication rates were improved when the... 

Calvet X, Garcia N, Lopez T, et al. A meta-analysis of short versus long therapy with a proton pump inhibitor, clarithromycin and either metronidazole or amoxycillin for treating Helicobacter pylori infection. Ahment Pharmacol Ther 2000 14 603-609. 

There seems to be no reason for avoiding concurrent use, but the outcome should be well monitored. Some have recommended that a reduction in the lithium dose should be considered, especially in patients maintained at relatively high serum-lithium levels. Patients taking lithium should be aware of the symptoms of lithium toxicity and told to report them immediately should they occur. This should be reinforced when they are given metronidazole. The authors of one of the reports also recommend frequent analysis of creatinine and electrol5fte levels and urine osmolality in order to detect any renal problems in patients on this eombination. ... 

The analytical method described here is based on the results obtained with dc polaro-graphy and differential pulse polarography at dropping mercury electrode. The detection and determination of the drug metronidazole (I) continues to be of interest, particularly because of its status as a drug of abuse. The nitro group in metronidazole is useful in electrochemical analysis. 

P. Nagaraja, K. R. Sunitha, R. A. Vasantha, and H. S. Yathirajan, Spectro-photometric determination of metronidazole and tinidazole in pharmaceutical preparations, Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, vol. 28, no. 

Reverse phase methods were also used to assay dimethylaminoetoposide (2) together with a stereoisomer and their AT-demethylated metabolites in the urine of cancer patients. A related paper discusses an analytical method for etoposide and isomers in plasma. Other work describes the isolation of glucuronides of metronidazole (3) and its hydroxy metabolite (4) by preparative HPLC methods, and the antipyrene metabolite derivatives 5-7 were identified by thermospray LC-MS methods. In the area of the metabolites of narcotics, two papers have described the reverse phase-HPLC analysis of morphine and its 3-and 6-glucuronides in biological samples. In the first case, fluorescence detection was used, in the latter electrospray MS procedures. Codeine and seven glycosidic metabolites have also been analysed by reverse phase-HPLC procedures with UV or electrochemical detection. ... 

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