Metric abbreviations

Recently, a new bioinformatics approach aiding the mapping of molecular recognition was developed. This technology, which does not necessarily require knowledge of the 3 D structure of the biomacromolecules, was termed proteochemo-metrics (abbreviated PCM) [3], Proteochemometrics contrasts with most previous bioinformatics approaches in that it starts with information derived from the chemical properties of the biomolecules. This chapter deals with various aspects of proteochemometrics, including its foundation, technical aspects of its use, examples of its application, and its potential for the future. 

Metric Abbreviation Definition(s) Typical target range Reference... 

Display 3-1 lists the measurements used in the metric system. The abbreviations for the measurements are given in parentiieses. 

Scientists measure many different quantities—length, volume, mass (weight), electric current, temperature, pressure, force, magnetic field intensity, radioactivity, and many others. The metric system and its recent extension, Systeme International d Unites (SI), were devised to make measurements and calculations as simple as possible. In this chapter, length, area, volume, and mass will be introduced. Temperature will be introduced in Sec. 2.7 and used extensively in Chap. 11. The quantities to be discussed here are presented in Table 2-1. Their units, abbreviations of the quantities and units, and the legal standards for the quantities are also included. 

Many units are used to express pressure. Because pressure is defined as force per unit area, a common unit used in the United States is pounds per square inch. This unit is commonly used for tire inflation pressure. The atmospheric pressure at sea level is about 14.7 pounds per square inch. In the metric system, the basic unit for force is the newton, abbreviated N, and area is mea-... 

Work, heat, and energy can be expressed using various units. The metric unit for energy is the joule, abbreviated J. The joule was named in honor of the English physicist James Prescott Joule (1818-1889). 

Documented process structure provides rapid employee assimilations when transferring employees between sites. New employees, replacing existing process owners, are enabled to rapidly execute process responsibilities due to the abbreviated learning curve when processes have been well defined and documented. Systems designed as described here provide meaningful and comparable metrics for leadership to evaluate progress, compliance, and performance. 

Physical Quantity EQUIVALENTS Metric Unit Abbreviation USCS Equivalent... 

Mpa - The abbreviation for mega-pascal, a metric unit of measurement. 

Under an international agreement concluded in 1960, scientists throughout the world now use the International System of Units for measurement, abbreviated SI for the French Systeme Internationale d Unites. Based on the metric system, which is used in all industrialized countries of the world except the United States, the SI system has seven fundamental units (Table 1.3). These seven fundamental units, along with others derived from them, suffice for all scientific measurements. We ll look at three of the most common units in this chapter—those for mass, length, and temperature—and will discuss others as the need arises in later chapters. 

Although organic chemistry is a mature subject, different energy units, different abbreviations for metric units of volume and different systems of nomenclature, for example, are still commonly used. We have been consistent within chapters in these respects and follow common usage within each particular area, but uniformity has not been imposed upon the book as a whole. 

Scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM the same abbreviation is also used for the device, i.e., the microscope) is often compared (and sometimes confused) with scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), which was pioneered by Binning and Rohrer in the early 1980s [1]. While both techniques make use of a mobile conductive microprobe, their principles and capabilities are totally different. The most widely used SECM probes are micrometer-sized ampero-metric ultramicroelectrodes (UMEs), which were introduced by Wightman and co-workers 1980 [2]. They are suitable for quantitative electrochemical experiments, and the well-developed theory is available for data analysis. Several groups employed small and mobile electrochemical probes to make measurements within the diffusion layer [3], to examine and modify electrode surfaces [4, 5], However, the SECM technique, as we know it, only became possible after the introduction of the feedback concept [6, 7],... 

Metric units are often abbreviated, as shown in Table 15.2. 

International System of Units (SI), to the extent possible, is used in most specifications, assays, and tests in this Food Chemicals Codex. The SI metric units, and other units and abbreviations commonly employed, are as follows ... 

The metric system and its more modem counterpart SI (for Systeme International d Unites) are systems of units designed to make calculations as easy as possible. It was designed to make every word mean one and only one thing. Its subdivisions and multiples of units are powers of 10 times a primary unit. Each of its prefixes means the same thing, no matter what unit it is attached to. The abbreviations for the quantities and prefixes are easy to remember. All these features have been built into the metric system to make it easy. Contrast this lack of ambiguity with the ambiguity in the English system, as illustrated in Example 2.4. 

The meter is the primary unit of length in the metric system. Its abbreviation is m. The meter is defined in such a way that it can be duplicated precisely in any well-equipped laboratory in the world. It had been defined as the distance between two marks on a metal bar kept at the Bureau of Weights and Measures in Paris. (It now has an even more precise definition.) A meter is 39.37 in. long—3.37 in. longer than a yard. 

Table 2.2 Prefix Metric Prefixes Abbreviation Meaning ...

The cubic meter (m ) is the primary unit of volume in SI. A smaller unit, the liter, is the primary unit of volume in the metric system. The abbreviation for hter is L. We need to know both the cubic meter and the liter. Table 2.3 summarizes the primary metric units of distance, mass, and volume. 

To convert a value expressed in a primary metric unit to its equivalent in a subunit, or vice versa, use a conversion factor with a 1 in front of the subunit and the equivalent value in front of the main unit. Note that either the prefix abbreviation or its equivalent is in front of the symbol for the primary unit ... 

The metric system is easy because all the conversions are powers of 10, all the prefixes mean the same thing no matter what nnit they are attached to, and all the symbols and abbreviations are meaningful. 

Give the basic SI or metric unit and its abbreviation for each of the following types of measurements ... 

For many years, most scientists worldwide have used the metric system. In 1960 an international agreement established a system of units called the International System (le Systeme International in French), abbreviated SI. This system is based on the metric system and the units derived from the metric system. The fundamental SI units are listed in Table A2.1. 

The mass df an object is measured in terms of grams (g) or kilograms (kg), the kilogram being equal to 1000 g. The kilogram is defined as the mass of a standard object made of a platinum-iridium alloy and kept in Paris. One pound is equal approximately to 454 g, and hence 1 kg is equal to approximately 2.2 lb. Note that it has become customary in recent years for the abbreviations of units in the metric system to be written without periods. 

For centuries, units of measurement were fairly inexact. A person might mark off the boundaries of a property by walking and counting the number of steps. The passage of time could be estimated with a sundial or an hourglass filled with sand. Such estimates worked for ordinary tasks. Scientists, however, need to report data that can be reproduced by other scientists. They need standard units of measurement. In 1795, French scientists adopted a system of standard units called the metric system. In 1960, an international committee of scientists met to update the metric system. The revised system is called the Systeme Internationale d Unites, which is abbreviated SI. 

The industry standard for bulk measurement for both crude oil and liquid products was the petroleum industry barrel (abbreviated bbl) but now the metric tonne and the cubic meter are more commonly used, especially in international trade. The metric tonne may be converted to the barrel volume unit by dividing the mass unit by the density (specific gravity) of the... 

Volumes are often measured in liters or milliliters in the metric system. One liter (1 L) is one cubic decimeter (1 dm ), or 1000 cubic centimeters (1000 cm ). One milliliter (1 mL) is 1 cm In medical laboratories, the cubic centimeter (cm ) is often abbreviated cc. In the SI, the cubic meter is the basic volume unit and the cubic decimeter replaces the metric unit, liter. Different kinds of glassware are used to measure the volume of liquids. The one we choose depends on the accuracy we desire. For example, the volume of a liquid dispensed can be measured more accurately with a buret than with a small graduated cylinder (Figure 1-13). Equivalences between common English units and metric units are summarized in Table 1-7. 

Volumetric gas rates are defined either at normal conditions (0°C and latm or 1013 mbar of absolute pressure) or at standard conditions in English units standard conditions are defined at 60°F (15.56°C) and 1013 mbar, while in metric units standard conditions are defined at 15°C and 1013 mbar. There is practically no difference between the two standard conditions, but care should be used not to confuse them with normal conditions. The abbreviations cf and cm are commonly used to denote ft and m, respectively. Volumes defined at standard conditions... 

In a chemistry laboratory, the metric system of measurement is used rather than the more familiar English system. The most common measurement unit for mass is the gram, not the pound. The most common measurement unit for volume is the milliliter, not the cup. One milliliter of water is a little more than half a tablespoon of water. One milliliter (abbreviated mL ) of water weighs approximately one gram (abbreviated g ). 

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