Verification, method fundamentals

In Situ Native Standard Method. A fundamental approach to verification of particulate burden in cotton reference materials is under evaluation Q6) based on a null hypothesis. The hypothesis states that upon rendering a cotton free of foreign material, the recoverable particulates-lint ith property constant X-j (for example, color) of the synthesized mixture is equal to that for the in situ particulate constant, -j. The experimental scheme to test the hypothesis is as follows. 

Application of MMSs as model adsorbents for development and verification of adsorption methods to calculate PSDs rests upon availability of reliable independent estimates of the MMS pore size. This fundamental problem was already solved for MCM-41 [1], silica with honeycomb arrays of approximately cylindrical pores. Taking advantage of its simple geometry, the following relation between the pore diameter, wd, the primary mesopore volume, Vp, and the XRD (100) interplanar spacing, d, was derived [10, 20] ... 

We all want to be trusted - it s a fundamental human need. Trust is something one earns. A basic principle of science is that experiments should be repeatable. That is, one investigator should be able to repeat the work of another. If experiments can t be repeated, then the trustworthiness of the original investigator may ccme into question. However, we cannot count on duplication as the only method of verification. There are simply not enough resources to do that. In addition, it would not be a wise use of resources to verify everything done by the industry by repeating the experiments. 

Grace JR, Taghipour F (2004) Verification and validation of CFD models and dynamic similarity for fluidized beds. Powder Technology 139 99-110 Grandin H Jr (1991) Fundamentals of the Finite Element Method. Waveland Press, Inc, Prospect Heights, Illinois... 

The first verification of the fundamental equations of Gibbs and Lippmann was based on surface tension (surface energy) measurements. The investigation of solid electrodes with this method is restricted. In the following paragraph a description is given of some of the modem methods, which are used for investigation of the electrochemical double layer. 

Beyond asking a meaningful question follows a process for determining a meaningful answer. That process has become known as the scientific method. At a fundamental level the Periodic Table of the Elements answers the question posed 26 centuries earlier by Thales of Miletus. Mendeleev formulated the periodic law for the elements circa 1870 (see Figure 3.1), yet decades passed before this foundation of chemical theory became generally accepted. Successful prediction and subsequent verification of additional elements not known in 1870 resulted in general acceptance and the establishment of the periodic law as represented in the Periodic Table of the Elements of Nature... 

The most common type of structure determination is structure verification. In this case, enough information is available (perhaps on the basis of well-known synthetic reaction paths) to propose a probable structure. The structure information which is achieved using IR and Raman spectroscopy is usually sufficient here. One of the fundamental problems in polymer science is the determination of the chemical structure of the repeat unit this moiety determines all of the chemical properties such as reactivity, stability and weatherability. Vibrational spectroscopic techniques are advantageous as a method of determining structure because the methods are applicable to aU polymers regardless of the state of order. The IR and Raman spectroscopy methods are accurate, faster than chemical analysis and reduce exposure to irritating, toxic and corrosive chemicals. 

These are probably the most important reasons that led to several research initiatives in the recent years which target the creation of a formally verified OSes from scratch (e.g. [14]). Methods of formal description and verification provide fundamentally better guarantees of desirable properties than non-exhaustive engineering methods such as testing. 

Horizontal and vertical compliance checking can be done exhaustively. This is a fundamental property which allows the reasoning about the dependability of the entire component-based OS. Assuming that the lower-level verification methods (described in Sections 3.1 to 3.7) prove some specific properties of the primitive components, we can be sure that the composition of the primitive components into composite components and ultimately into the whole OS does not break these properties. 

A fundamental question that still has to be addressed in detail concerns the error of the solution due to the discretization of the random parameter field. Beyond this aspect of verification, the validation of the random field model itself, either from experimental data or from information pertaining to the microscale, remains an important issue (cf. the critique of the SFE method raised, e.g., in Ostoja-Starzewski 2011). 

The measurements of temperature dependences of conductivity are the most frequently used method aiming to determine the charge carrier transport mechanism. They are of fundamental importance however, they need to be complemented by other experiments, which employ predictions of different models for the dependence of conductivity on other factors -electric field and frequency additional verification can be done by the examination of dependence of conductivity on pressure and by the determination of temperature dependence of thermopower. 

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