Metal partitioning

Bygrave, G., "Thermodynamics of Metal Partitioning in Kraft Pulps , M.A.Sc. Thesis, Dept of Chemical and Bio-Resource Engineering, Univ. of British Columbia, BC, Canada, 1997. 

Banin A., Han F.X., Serban C., Ben-Dor E., Schachar Y. The dynamics of heavy metals partitioning and transformations in arid-zone soils. The Proceedings of The Fourth International Conference on Biogeochemistry of Trace Elements 1997b Berkeley, CA, USA. 

Rapin F., Tessier A., Campbell P.G.C., Carignan R. Potential artifacts in the determination of metal partitioning in sediments by a sequential extraction procedure. Environ Sci Technol 1986 20 836-840. 

Ford, R.G., Bertsch, P.M., Farley, K.J. 1997. Changes in transition and heavy metal partitioning during hydrous iron oxide aging. Environmental Science and Technology, 31, 2028-2033. 

Despite strong criticisms on the interpretation of SEP s (Nirel Morel 1990), they are still recognized as a valuable tool to evaluate metal partition in soils, tailings, and waste rocks. (Wasay et... 

The Metal Partition Type.—In the preliminary escription of the filter press type of cell it was stated hat a conducting partition between the anode and athode itself became on one face an anode and on the ither face a cathode this, however, requires modifica-ion, as it is only true when the voltage drop between he original anode or cathode and the metal partition is ess than the minimum voltage required for continuous lectrolysis. 

In the metal partition type of cell a metal partition s placed between the anode and cathode. This parti-ion is insulated from the poles, is not so deep as the dectrodes, and is perforated on the lower edge with imall holes which, though reducing the electrical resist-mce, do not allow of the gases mixing. 

Tsai WT, Lai CW, Hsien KJ (2003) Effect of particle size of activated clay on the adsorption of paraquat from aqueous solution. J Coll Interface Sci 263 29-34 Turner A (1996) Trace-metal partitioning in estuaries Importance of salinity and particle concentration. Marine Chemistry 54 27-39... 

Palumbo, B. Bellanca, A. Neri, R. Roe, M.J. (2001) Trace metal partitioning in Fe-Mn nodules from Sicilian soils, Italy. Chem. Geol. 173 257-269... 

R. Santamaria-Fernandez, A. Moreda-Pineiro and S. J. Hill, Optimisation of a multielement sequential extraction method employing an experimental design approach for metal partitioning in soils and sediments, J. Environ. Monit., 4(2), 2002, 330-336. 

Janssen RPT, Peijnenburg WJGM, Posthuma L, et al. 1997. Equilibrium partitioning of heavy metals in Dutch field soil. 1. Relationship between metal partition coefficients and soil characteristics. Environ Toxicol Chem 16 2470-2478. 

As demonstrated in Section 8.3.2 PLS regression is a useful and powerful tool for description of the relationship between independent and dependent parameters in model aqueous systems. Therefore in the following the applicability of PLS modeling shall be tested for empirical description of the multivariate dependence of the heavy metal partition ratio between river water and sediment on important major and minor components in the water [EINAX and GEISS, 1994],... 

Admiraal, W., Tubbing, G.M.J. and Breebaart, L. (1995) Effects of phytoplankton on metal partitioning in the lower River Rhine. Water Res., 29, 941-946. 

Chemometrics can also be used to overcome some of the intrinsic deficiencies of sequential extraction, such as non-specificity. Barona and Romero (1996a) used principal components analysis (PCA) to establish relationships between the amounts of metals released at each stage of a sequential extraction procedure and bulk soil properties, and demonstrated that carbonates played a dominant role in governing metal partitioning in the soil studied. The same workers employed multiple regression analysis to study soil remediation (see Section 10.11.1.1). Zufiaurre et al. (1998) also used PCA to confirm their interpretation of phase association and hence potential bioavailability of heavy metals in sewage sludge. 

Perez-Cid, B., Lavilla, I. and Bendicho, C. (1996) Analytical assessment of two sequential extraction schemes for metal partitioning in sewage sludges. Analyst, 121, 1479-1484. 

Guo, L., Santschi, P.H., and Ray, S.M. (2002) Metal partitioning between colloidal and dissolved phases and its relation with bioavailability to American oysters. Mar. Environ. Res. 54, 49-64. 

Turner, A., Millward, GE., and Le Roux, S.M. (2004) Significance of oxides and particulate organic matter in controlling trace metal partitioning in a contaminated estuary. Mar. Chem. 88, 179-192. 

When PTMs concentration is well in excess of normal soil content, extraction method validation, in terms of direct correlation between soil extractable contents and plant contents, is less easy to achieve. In these cases, it may be adequate to develop an operational estimate of the mobile and potentially mobile metal species rather than plant-available species. It is necessary to analyse metal partitioning between such fractions as exchangeable sites, organic matter and minerals of varying solubility. 

Ryan, P. C., Wall, A. J., Hillier, S., and Clark, L. (2002). Insights into sequential chemical extraction procedures from quantitative XRD A study of trace metal partitioning in sediments related to frog malformities. Chem. Geol. 184, 337-357. 

The conductors of intrinsically safe and non-intrinsically safe circuits shall not pass the same cable. In cable ducts, an insulating layer or an earthed metallic partition (see Fig. 6.227(c)) is required. 

Kaasaainen, M. Yli-Halla, M. Use of Sequential Extraction to Assess Metal Partitioning in Soils, Environ. Poll. 2003,126, 225-233. 

Filgueiras, A.V., Lavilla, I., Bendicho, C. Chemical sequential extraction for metal partitioning in environmental sohd samples. J. Environ. Monitoring 4, 823-857 (2002)... 

In lieu of stability constants we assume metal partitioning in sediments will change solely in response to changes in the relative abundance of the substrates which bind the metals. 

Such biochemical peculiarities include those of secondary metabolites such as alkaloids the composition of alkaloids makes them efficient - often chelating ligands. Although concentrations of such alkaloids usually are small (e.g. 1.5-6% of caffeine in coffee beans), there is a considerable (both mass and stoichiometric) excess with respect to metal ions. Accordingly, alkaloids can be expected to influence both metal partitioning and E (L) ff (because values for N-heterocycles are rather high) of leaves, fruits etc. considerably. Indeed, for Taraxacum officinale (dandelion) leaves. 

Chabot N. L. and Jones J. H. (2003) The parameterization of solid metal-liquid metal partitioning of siderophile elements. Lunar Planet. Sci. XXXIV, 1004. The Lunar and Planetary Institute, Houston (CD-ROM). 

Finally, a related but more speculative means to deplete the silicate Earth of its noble gas inventory is if noble gases were sequestered by Fe-Ni and transferred to the Earth s core. The proposition has been evaluated for helium and found to be plausible notwithstanding significant uncertainties in solid-silicate/liquid-metal partitioning behavior (Porcelli and Halliday, 2001). However, the proportion of helium lost to the core in this way is likely to be relatively small... 

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