Steels molten

Bessemer process A process by which iron is converted to steel. Molten iron is added to a Bessemer converter while it is tilted to allow oxygen and superheated steam to be blown in. The converter is returned to the vertical position. Silicon, manganese, and carbon impurities burn off carbon monoxide burns at the mouth of the converter. 

Bessemer process A process for converting pig iron to steel by oxidation of the impurities (C, Si, P, Mn) by blowing air through the molten metal. 

In case hardening C and N are introduced into the iron by heating in a Nj —NH3 atmosphere or by immersing the steel in molten NaCN/Na2C03 at about 900"C. 

Siemens s process A method of steel manufacture by addition of scrap metal, iron oxides and ferromanganese to molten pig (cast) iron. 

Reduction by aluminium has been used to produce molten iron in situ for welding steel and as a method of extracting metals. 

Its conductivity increases slightly with exposure to light. It can be doped with silver, copper, gold, tin, or other elements. In air, tellurium burns with a greenish-blue flames, forming the dioxide. Molten tellurium corrodes iron, copper, and stainless steel. 

As the weld metal solidifies, impurity elements are rejected into the molten weld pool, eg, sulfur and phosphoms in steel welds (Fig. 7) (8). The final weld metal to soHdify, located along the weld centerline at the surface of the weld, has increased levels of these elements, which act to lower the... 

Inductor. The channel inductor assembly consists of a steel box or case that contains the inductor refractory and the inductor core and coil assembly. The channel is formed within the refractory. Inductor power ratings range from 25 kilowatts for low temperature metals to 5000 kilowatts for molten iron. Forced air is used to cool the lower power inductors, and water is generally used to cool inductors rated 500 kilowatts or more. 

Although Hitec is nonflammable, it is a strong oxidizer and supports the combustion of other materials. Consequendy, combustible materials must be excluded from contact with the molten salt. Hitec is compatible with carbon steel at temperatures up to 450°C. At higher temperatures, low alloy or austenitic stainless steel is recommended. Adding water to Hitec does not appreciably alter its corrosion behavior. 

An important iadustrial use of NaH involves its in situ formation ia molten NaOH or ia fused eutectic salt baths. At concentrations of 1—2% NaH, these compositions are powerful reducing systems for metal salts and oxides (5). They have been used industrially for descaling metals such as high alloy steels, titanium, zirconium, etc. 

Moist iodine vapor rapidly corrodes metals, including most stainless steels. The initial process is the formation of corrosion centers where small amounts of metal iodide are formed which deHquesce, and the corrosion then takes place electrochemically (41,42). Only titanium and molybdenum steels are unattacked by iodine (42,43). The corrosion of molten iodine has also been studied. 

Processes operating ia the range of 1300—1530°C produce molten iron, called hot metal or pig iron. These processes are classified as direct smelting processes. Processes operating above 1530°C produce molten steel (qv) and are called direct steehnakiag processes. 

HBI is an effective trim coolant for molten steel in ladle metallurgy faciUties, ladle refiners, ladle furnaces, and vacuum degassers. It provides cold iron units in an ideal size and density for penetrating the ladle slag and cooling the metal. 

Molten maleic anhydride is shipped in tank rail cars, tank tmcks, and isotanks (for overseas shipments). Tank rail cars are typically constmcted of lined carbon steel and are insulated and equipped with steam coHs. Tank rail cars containing as much as 80 m (20,000 gal) are used. Tank tmcks are typically constmcted of stainless steel [12597-68-1/, insulated, and equipped with steam coHs. Tank tmcks containing up to 17 m (4500 gal) are used. Isotanks are typically constmcted of stainless steel and are insulated and equipped with steam coHs. Isotanks containing up to 17 m are used. 

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