Metal dusting reaction

Koszman, I., Antifoulant Additive for Steam-Cracking Process, U.S. Patent 3,531,394, Sept. 29, 1970. Hochman, R. F, Fundamentals of the Metal Dusting Reaction, Proceedings, Fourth International Congress on Metallic Corrosion, NACF (1971). 

Copper is thought to be noneatalytic to carbon deposition in all gas atmospheres, and owing to the extremely low solubility of carbon in copper, inert to the metal dusting reaction. Copper-based alloys have recently been reported in the patent literature [13, 14] to be resistant or immune to earburisation, metal dusting and coking. Thus, the addition of copper to niekel, which forms a near perfect solid solution, may be able to suppress or... 

A key aspect of the metal dusting reaction that Hochman s researches did not quite resolve involves the fate of the metal particles generated by reaction [5.4], essentially how these are carried away from the reaction zone so that reaction [5.4] can continue in a kinetic sense. This question was addressed by Pippel et al and by Chun et These investigators showed by... 

The metal dusting of pure metals, especially Fe, was studied extensively by Hochman2. The Hochman mechanism for the metal dusting of iron involves three steps. The first step is the formation of metastable iron carbide, FejC, on the surface of iron. This reaction requires carbon activities higher than unity. 

Metal cyanides(and cyano complexes), 216 Metal derivatives of organofluorine compounds, 217 IV-Metal derivatives, 218 Metal dusts, 220 Metal fires, 222 Metal fulminates, 222 Metal halides, 222 Metal—halocarbon incidents, 225 Metal halogenates, 226 Metal hydrazides, 226 Metal hydrides, 226 Metal hypochlorites, 228 Metallurgical sample preparation, 228 Metal nitrates, 229 Metal nitrites, 231 Metal nitrophenoxides, 232 Metal non-metallides, 232 Metal oxalates, 233 Metal oxides, 234 Metal oxohalogenates, 236 Metal oxometallates, 236 Metal oxonon-metallates, 237 Metal perchlorates, 238 Metal peroxides, 239 Metal peroxomolybdates, 240 Metal phosphinates, 240 Metal phosphorus trisulfides, 240 Metal picramates, 241 Metal pnictides, 241 Metal polyhalohalogenates, 241 Metal pyruvate nitrophenylhydrazones, 241 Metals, 242 Metal salicylates, 243 Metal salts, 243 Metal sulfates, 244 Metal sulfides, 244 Metal thiocyanates, 246 Metathesis reactions, 246 Microwave oven heating, 246 Mild steel, 247 Milk powder, 248... 

The potential for carbon formation is based on the gas composition and metal temperature. Industry experience shows that if the gas temperature is less than 1100°F, the kinetics of the reaction are too low and carbon does not form. The equilibrium Kp for typical gasifier reactor effluent compositions is about 1800°F. If the calculated Kp, which is based on gas composition, is greater than the equilibrium Kp, carbon cannot form. Therefore, gasifier reactor effluent metal dusting potential typically occurs between the temperatures of 1100°F and 1800°F. 

The breadth of his interests continued to amaze and confound his colleagues. During 1904 and 1905, Haber published seventeen different papers in half a dozen different journals. Some of his investigations were of interest only to his fellow scientists— explaining why electrical currents sometimes caused clouds of metal dust to appear in liquid solutions, for instance, or his determination of the exact cascade of chemical reactions taking place... 

An easy synthesis of prenyl naphthoquinones, e.g. menaquinone-2 (205 n = 2), was achieved by coupling the appropriate prenyl halide with an organo-copper derivative of the electrochemically derived quinone bisacetal (216). Menaquinone-2 and phylloquinone (204) were also obtained in good yields by reaction of 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone (205 n =0) with geranyl and phytyl halides in the presence of metal dust. A one-step method for the preparation of vitamin K analogues uses cyclodextrin inclusion catalysts.Thus reaction of the diol (217) with allyl bromide in the presence of oxygen and/3-cyclodextrin at pH 9 afforded the menaquinone analogue (218). 

CARBONIC ACID GAS (124-38-9) COj Reacts violently with strong bases and alkali metals. Violent ignition or explosive reaction may occur when dusts of chemically active metals such as aluminum, chromium, lithium, manganese, magnesium, potassium, sodium, titanium, zirconiiun, and some magnesium-aluminum alloys are suspended and heated in carbon dioxide. The presence of strong oxidizers will increase the potential for ignition or explosions of metal dusts. 

HYDROXIDE (7783-06-4) HjS A highly flammable, toxic, and reactive gas [explosion limits in air (vol %) 4.3 to 45.5 Flash point -116°F/-82°C autoignition temp 500°F/260°C Fire Rating 4]. Violent reaction with strong oxidizers, metal oxides (especially those of chromium, iron, lead, mercury, nickel, and zinc), metal dusts and powders, bromine pentafluoride, chlorine trifluoride, chromimn trioxide, chromyl... 

ACIDE SULFHYDRIQUE (French) (7783-06-4) A highly flammable and reactive gas. Violent reaction with strong oxidizers, metal oxides, metal dusts and powders, bromine penta-fluoride, chlorine trifluoride, chromium trioxide, chromyl chloride, dichlorine oxide, nitrogen trichloride, nitryl hypofluorite, oxygen difluoride, perchloryl fluoride, phospham, phosphorus persulfide, silver fulminate, soda-lime, sodium peroxide. Incompatible with acetaldehyde, chlorine monoxide, chromic acid, chromic anhydride, copper, nitric acid, phenyldiazonium-chloride, sodium. Forms explosive material with benzenediazonium salts. Flow or agitation of substance may generate electrostatic charges due to low conductivity. Attacks many metals. 

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