Carotenoids metabolic engineering

GIULIANO G, AQUiLANi R and DHARMAPURi s (2000) Metabolic engineering of plant carotenoids , Trends Plant Sci, 5, 406-9. 

MISAWA N and shimada h (1998) Metabolic engineering for the production of carotenoids in non-carotenogenic bacteria and yeasts , J Biotechnol, 59, 169-81. 

Careful empirical selection of the expression platform for carotenogenesis has included selection of the best strains for stability and degree of accumulation and the selection of compatible drug-resistance combinations and low copy number polycistronic plasmids to enhance product accumulation by decrease of metabolic burden." 5 Matthews and Wurtzel discussed culture and induction conditions - that have been explored in most studies. Most efforts to engineer carotenoid biosynthesis in E. coli focused on the genes and enzymes of the pathway and had a modest effect on improved accumulation. For example, substitution and over-expression of a GGPPS that uses IPP directly (discussed in... 

Sandmann, G., Rbmer, S., and Eraser, P.D., Understanding carotenoid metabolism as a necessity for genetic engineering of crop plants, Metabol. Eng. 8, 291, 2006. DellaPenna, D., Plant metabolic engineering. Plant Physiol. 125, 160, 2001. Wurtzel, E.T. and Grotewold, E., Plant metabolic engineering, in Encyclopedia of... 

Lee, P. and Schmidt-Dannert, C., Metabolic engineering towards biotechnological production of carotenoids in microorganisms, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. V60, 1, 2002. 

Gallagher, C.E., Cervantes-Cervantes, M., and Wurtzel, E.T., Surrogate biochemistry use of Escherichia coli to identify plant cDNAs that impact metabolic engineering of carotenoid accumulation, AppZ. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 60, 713, 2003. 

Ducrenx, L.J. et al.. Metabolic engineering of high carotenoid potato tnbers containing enhanced levels of beta-carotene and lutein, J. Exp. Bot. 56, 81, 2005. 

Diretto, G. et al.. Metabolic engineering of potato tuber carotenoids through tuber-specihc silencing of lycopene epsilon cyclase, BMC Plant Biol. 6, 13, 2006. 

Wang, C., Oh, M.K., and Liao, J.C., Directed evolntion of metabolically engineered Escherichia coli for carotenoid production, Biotechnol. Progr. 16, 922, 2000. 

Matthews, P.D. and Wurtzel, E.T., Metabolic engineering of carotenoid accumulation in Escherichia coli by modulation of the isoprenoid precursor pool with expression of deoxyxylulose phosphate synthase, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 53, 396, 2000. 

Verdoes, J.C. et al., Metabolic engineering of the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway in the yeast Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous Phaffia rhodozyma), Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 69, 3728, 2003. 

Because most natural carotenoids are present at very low abundance and are difficult to purify, metabolic engineering provides a powerful alternative, and various carotenoids, such as lycopene, /3-carotene, canthaxanthin, zeaxanthin, torulene, neurosporaxanthin, and astaxanthin, have been successfully synthesized in non-carotenogenic microbes, such as E. coli, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and Neurospora crassa. This research is summarized in several of reviews [65,108,110]. 

Wang, G.-Y. and Keasbng, J.D. (2002) Amplification of HMG-CoA reductase production enhances carotenoid accumulation in Neurospora crassa. Metabolic Engineering, 4, 193-201. 

The production of fi-carotene-rich crops is an important agricultural topic. The availability of carotenoid biosynthetic genes, as well as new molecular techniques, has opened the doors for metabolic engineering. This has resulted in transgenic plants with improved nutritional quality the development of golden rice [41]. The levels of fi-carotene in the endosperm (1 to 2 p,g fi-carotene/g FW rice endosperm) although higher than wild-type rice, as this is a tissue that normally does not... 

Besides the engineering of S. cerevisiae for organic acid production, through metabolic engineering it is possible to reconstruct entire pathways. In 1994, Yamano et al. [163] reported the reconstruction of a complete secondary metabolic pathway in S. cerevisiae, resulting in the ability of the yeast to produce p-carotene and lycopene. Carotenoids are a class of pigments used in the food industry and, due to their antioxidant properties, they have wide commercial interest. The biosynthesis of these compounds does naturally not occur in S. cerevisiae and to allow... 

Shimada, H., Kondo, K., Fraser, P., Miura, Y, Saito, T., and Misawa, N. 1998. Increased carotenoid production by the food yeast Candida utilis through metabolic engineering of the isoprenoid pathway. Appl Environ Microbiol 64 2676-2680. 

Lee P C, Schmidt-Dannert C (2002). Metabolic engineering towards biotechnological production of carotenoids in microorganisms. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 60 1-11. Westers L, Westers H, Quax W J (2004). Bacillus subtilis as cell factory for pharmaceutical proteins A biotechnological approach to optimize the host organism. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1694 299-310. 

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