Metabolism of carotenoids

During, A. and Harrison, E.H., Intestinal absorption and metabolism of carotenoids insights from cell culture. Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 430, 77, 2004. 

Moise, A.R., von Lintig, J., and Palczewski, K., Related enzymes solve evolutionarily recurrent problems in the metabolism of carotenoids, Trends Plant Sci. 10,178, 2005. 

The U.S./Canadian Dietary Reference Values report (Institute of Medicine, 2001) introduced the term retinol activity equivalent to take account of the incomplete absorption and metabolism of carotenoids 1 RAE = 1 /xg of all-fra s-retinol, 12 /xg of /3-carotene, and 24 /xg of a-carotene or /3-crypto-xanthin. On this basis, 1 iu of vitamin A activity = 3.6 /xg of /3-carotene or... 

A highlight of 1975 was the Fourth International Symposium on Carotenoids, held at Bern, Switzerland. Although the plenary lectures have not yet appeared, many of the short communications have now been published in detail. The second edition of The Chemistry and Biochemistry of Plant Pigments has appeared. The first volume includes chapters on the chemistry, " distribution, biosynthesis, functional aspects, " and metabolism of carotenoids, and in Volume 2 an exhaustive survey of analytical methods used in carotenoid work is given. ... 

Olson, J. 1994. Absorption, transport, and metabolism of carotenoids in humans. Pure Appl. 

Schiedt, K., Absorption and metabolism of carotenoids in birds, fish and cmstaceans, in Carotenoids, Vol. 3 Biosynthesis and Metabolism, Britton, G., Liaaen-Jensen, S., and Pfander,... 

Maoka T, Matsuno T (1989) Metabolism of carotenoids in terrestrial snail Euhadra Callizona amaliae. Comp Biochem Physiol 92B 41-43... 

Herring PJ, Morris RJ (1975) Embryonic metabolism of carotenoid pigments and lipid in species of Acanthephyra (Crustacea Decapoda). In Barnes H (ed) Proc 9th European Marine Biology Symp. Aberdeen University Press, Aberdeen, pp 299-310 Hessler RR, Newman WA (1975) A trilobitomorph origin for the Crustacea. In Martinsson A (ed) Fossils and strata. No. 4, Universitets Forslaget, Oslo, pp 437-457 Hinsch GW (1980) Effects of mandibular organ implants upon the spider crab ovary. Trans Am Microsc Soc 99 317-322... 

Less is known concerning the metabolism of carotenoids than is known about their biosynthesis. Much of the work that has been done in this area has been concerned with animal systems. These studies have dealt mainly with two areas the synthesis of vitamin A from -carotene and pigment transformations in avian species and echinoderms. The latter topic has been extensively reviewed (Thommen, 1971) and will not be discussed here. In addition to the synthesis of vitamin A, brief discussions of two other topics are included. These are the synthesis of trisporic acids in Mucorales and the metabolism of carotenoids in senescent tissues. 

K Schiedt, S Bischof, E Glinz. Metabolism of carotenoids and in vivo racemization of (3S, 3 S)-astaxanthin in the crustacean Penaeus. Methods Enzymol 214 148-168, 1993. 

Tsushima, M., Kawakami, T., and Matsuno, T. (1993b) Metabolism of carotenoids in sea urchin Pseudocentrotus depressus. Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 106B, 737-741. 

Schiedt, K, Mayer, H., Vecchi, M., Ghnz, E., and Storebakken, T. (1988a) Metabolism of carotenoids in sabnonids. Part 2. Distribution and absolute configuration of idoxanthin in various organs and tissues of one Atlantic salmon (Salrrm solar, L.) fed with astaxanthin. Helv. Chim. Acta., 71, 881—886. 

Schiedt, K., Foss, P., Storebakken, T, and Liaaen-Jensen, S. (1989) Metabolism of carotenoids in sahnonids-I. Idoxanthin, a metabolite of astaxanthin in the flesh of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar, L.) under varying external conditions. Comp. Biochem. Physiol, 92B, 277-281. 

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