Mercury history

Properties Cobalt History Sources Properties Uses. Copper History Properties Sources Uses Silver History Sources Properties Uses Gold History Sources Properties Uses Zinc History Sources Properties Uses Mercury History Uses Boron History Sources Properties Uses... 

The phases and their proportions present ia hardened amalgam are controlled by many factors. The composition of the alloy the size, shape, and size distribution of the particles the thermal history of the cast ingot and the comminuted alloy and the surface treatment of the particles are some of the factors for which the manufacturer is responsible. The tooth cavity preparation and the mixing, compacting, and finishing techniques of the dentist can make the difference between satisfactory and unsatisfactory restorations, even with the best of alloys. A minimal amount of residual mercury and porosity are needed to obtain the most serviceable restorations (138). 

Metal compounds, particularly compounds of the heavy metals, have a history of importance as antimicrobial agents. Because of regulations regarding economic poisons in the environment they are no longer widely used in this appHcation. Mercury, lead, cadmium, uranium, and other metals have been imphcated in cases of poisoning that resulted in government response. The metals whose compounds have been of primary interest as antimicrobials are mercury, silver, and copper. 

The use of mercury for extracting precious metals by amalgamation has a long history and was extensively used by Spain in the sixteenth century when her fleet carried mercury from Almaden to Mexico and returned with silver. However, environmental concerns have resulted in falling demand and excess production capacity. It is still used in the extraction of gold and in the Castner-Kellner process for manufacturing chlorine and NaOH (p. 72), and a further major use is in the manufacture of batteries. It is also used in street lamps and AC rectifiers, while its small-scale use in thermometers, barometers and gauges of different kinds, are familiar in many laboratories. 

In many ways, both Canada and the United States continue to be involved in a unique experiment of co-operative management of serious environmental issues which plague a shared international resource. Despite the institutional complexity and the history of abuse that man s activities have wrought on the Great Lakes, the experiment to restore and protect them has had several successes typhoid and cholera were eradicated eutrophication problems are now largely under control and where adequate control programs for toxic chemicals have been implemented and enforced (e.g., mercury, DDT, PCBs), there have been associated declines in concentrations in the lakes. These successes have been due in no small way to the spirit of co-operation that has continued to exist between Canada and the United States and the unique institutional arrangements entered into by the two countries. 

Balogh SJ, Engstrom DR, Ahnendinger JE, Meyer ML, Johnson DK. 1999. A history of mercury loading in the upper Mississippi River reconstructed from the sediments of Lake Pepin. Environ Sci Technol 33 3297-3302. 

Wiener JG, Shields PJ. 2000. Mercury hr the Sudbury River (Massachusetts, USA) pollution history and a synthesis of recent research. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 57 1053-1061. 

Storage chambers should be validated with respect to their ability to maintain the desired conditions, and, if so equipped, the ability to sound an alarm if a mechanical or electrical failure causes the temperature to deviate from preestabilished limits. They should also be equipped with recording devices, which will provide a continuous and permanent history of their operation. Logbooks should be maintained and frequent readings or mercury-in-glass, National Institute of Science and Technology traceable thermometers recorded. 

Baigent, Michael. Ancient traces mysteries in ancient and early history. Viking, 1998 reprint, London [etc] Penguin Books, 1999. xiv, 288p. ISBN 0-14-026448-5 Some reference to Hermes Trismegistus (pp. 194-199), and Chapter 11 The mysterious art of alchemy (pp. 200-219). An interesting section at the end on modem Red Mercury ... 

The author traces the positions that writers of histories of chemistry took toward alchemy as a total phenomenon, how they regarded the experimental-practical and philosophicoreligious components of it and what stand-points they adopted relative to such alchemical theories as the doctrine of transmutation and the sulfur-mercury theory... 

Apparatus. A constant rate displacement pump charged with mercury was used to displace the fluid of interest from steel cylinders to the core. A pressure transducer connected to the chart recorder provided the pressure history of each core flood. An automatic sampler with... 

Until now, Mercury has only been studied more closely by one spacecraft (Mariner 10, 1974), since its nearness to the sun means that spacecraft approaching it are subject to particularly extreme conditions. NASA s MESSENGER (Mercury Surface, Space, Environment, Geochemistry and Ranging) was launched in 2004 and is planned to reach Mercury in March 2011, and then to orbit the planet. The main tasks of the MESSENGER mission are to map the planet, to make measurements of its magnetic field and to collect data relevant to its geological and tectonic history (Solomon, 2007). 

Silver and mercury salts have a long history of use as antibacterial agents.241-243 The use of mercurochrome ((40), Figure 18) as a topical disinfectant is now discouraged. Silver sulfadiazene (38) finds use for treatment of severe burns the polymeric material slowly releases the antibacterial Ag+ ion. Silver nitrate is still used in many countries to prevent ophthalmic disease in newborn children.244 The mechanism of action of Ag and Hg is through slow release of the active metal ion—inhibition of thiol function in bacterial cell walls gives a rationale for the specificity of bacteriocidal action. 

It would seem, at first glance, that the place of electrocapillarity ties in the history of electrochemistry rather than its future, since its application appears limited only to the mercury/electrolyte interface. However, the work of Sato and colleagues (1986, 1987, 1991) has very definitely placed the technique, or at least a development of it, very firmly at the frontiers again. 

Methylmercury in the marine environment may originate from industrial discharges or be synthesised by natural methylation processes. Fish do not themselves methylate inorganic mercury [62,64], but can accumulate methyl mercury from sea water [63]. Methylmercury has been detected in sea water only from Minamata Bay, Japan, an area with a history of gross mercury pollution from industrial discharge. It has been found in some sediments but at very low concentrations, mainly from areas of known mercury pollution. It represents usually less than 1% of the total mercury in the sediment, and frequently less than 0.1% [65-67]. Microorganisms within the sediments are considered to be responsible for the methylation [65,68], and it has been suggested that methylmercury may be released by the sediments to the sea water, either in... 

Third, continued periodic monitoring of fishery and wildlife resources is important, especially in areas with potential for reservoir development, in light of the hypothesis that increased flooding increases the availability of mercury to biota. The use of museum collections for mercury analysis is strongly recommended for monitoring purposes. For example, the Environmental Specimen Bank at the Swedish Museum of Natural History constitutes a base for ecotoxicological research and for spatial and trend monitoring of mercury and other contaminants in Swedish fauna (Odsjo et al. 1997). 

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