Casting, ingot

Magnesium alloys are available in a variety of metal forms, including cast ingots, slabs, and billets sand, permanent-mold, die, and investment castings forgings extmded bars, rods, tubes, stmctural and special hoUow and soHd shapes and roUed sheet and plate. Magnesium alloys are used widely in a great variety of appHcations. 

The development of a sharp COE texture in the finished strip requires complex control of numerous variables. The conventional commercial process (18) involves hot-rolling a cast ingot at ca 1370°C to a thickness of about 2 mm, annealing at 800—1000°C, and then cold-rolling to a final thickness of 0.27—0.35 mm in two steps of 70 and 50%, respectively, with a recrystallization (800—1000°C) aimeal in between. The cold-roUed strip is decarburized (800°C) to ca 0.003% C in mixtures of wet results in a primary recrystallized stmcture containing grains of the COE... 

P/M Tool Steels. In conventionally produced high alloy tool steels (slowly cooled cast ingots), carbide tends to segregate (48). Segregated clusters of carbide persist even after hot working, and cause undesirable effects on tool fabrication and tool performance. P/M tool steels, on the other hand, provide very fine and uniform carbides in the compact, the final bar stock, and the tools. Several tool steel suppHers consoHdate gas-atomized tool steel powder by HIP to intermediate shapes, which are then hot-worked to final mill shapes. Water-atomized tool steel powder is also available (see also T OOL materials). ... 

The phases and their proportions present ia hardened amalgam are controlled by many factors. The composition of the alloy the size, shape, and size distribution of the particles the thermal history of the cast ingot and the comminuted alloy and the surface treatment of the particles are some of the factors for which the manufacturer is responsible. The tooth cavity preparation and the mixing, compacting, and finishing techniques of the dentist can make the difference between satisfactory and unsatisfactory restorations, even with the best of alloys. A minimal amount of residual mercury and porosity are needed to obtain the most serviceable restorations (138). 

Mechanical milling (MM) of cast ingots followed by hydrogenation... 

In rheocasting, the alloy is stirred during solidification to produce a semisolid slurry, which is then injected directly into the die. This approach reduces the process complexity, allows standard casting ingots to be used as raw materials, and allows for the in-house recycling of scrap, all of which lead to a more... 

Austenitic steels are produced as castings, ingots of all sizes and as continuously cast billets and slabs. The other types of stainless and heat resistant materials mentioned in table 4.1 are cast predominantly as ingots of a moderate size, although martensitic and ferritic-austenitic steels are also commonly used as castings. 

Effect of Ultrasonic Degassing of a Melt on Properties of Shape Castings, Ingots, and Deformed Semiproducts from Aluminum Alloys... 

The comparison of structures of continuously cast ingots with and without ultrasonic treatment in the developed cavitation mode clearly demonstrates that an... 

The grain size of an Al-solid solution in continuously cast ingots is determined by a quantity of realized solidification sites which are represented by active solid particles of impurities or modifiers. In the case of uniaxial solidification, crystal nuclei forming are not initially bonded to each other. With their growth, these come into contact and, finally, form the solidification front eliminating the possibility of their movement within a melt. 

With any way of modifying action on a melt, a grain structure in the given casting (ingot, granule) can be refined to the certain extent. 

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