Memory infants

To confirm their results and check for methodological problems, some studies have been carried out. As there was a probability that hypothermic conditions during temporary removal from dam may have affected the results, Pauluhn and Schmuck administered S-bioallethrin and deltamethrin to neonatal mice from postnatal day 10 to 16 under a hypo-, normo-, or hyperthermic environment, and measured the MAChR density at the age of 17 days [51]. Increase in MAChR in Cortex at PND 17 in animals treated with S-bioallethrin was observed. Meanwhile, no changes were observed in animals treated with deltamethrin. In addition, an enormous influence of environmental temperature on the density of MAChR receptors in the crude synaptosomal fraction of the cerebral cortex was ascertained. Tsuji et al. exposed mouse dams with their litters to D-allethrin by inhalation for 6 h from postnatal day 10 to 16. The inhalation administration method is the most relevant route of exposure for humans, including babies and infants, after indoor use of D-allethrin. The neonatal exposure to D-allethrin by inhalation did not induce effects either on the brain MAChR density or motor activity at 17 days and 4 months of age, or on performance in the leaming/memory test at 11 months of age [52]. Other unpublished studies with D-allethrin, S -bioallethrin, or deltamethrin were examined to confirm the results of Eriksson et al. and showed inconsistent results [53]. The reasons for discrepancy among these findings are unknown. 

Oxytocin typically has a facilitative effect on affiliative behaviors (Witt et ah, 1992), including parental and reproductive behaviors and infant-mother attachment. Oxytocin facilitates social memory, with knockout mice displaying social memory deficits it facilitates conditioning to maternal-related olfactory cues (Nelson and Panksepp, 1996). 

Kahn NH, Shelton SJ Defensive behaviors in infant rhesus monkeys environmental cues and neurochemical regulation. Science 243 1718-1721, 1989 Kahnowsky LB, Kennedy F Observations in electric shock therapy apphed to problems of epilepsy. J Nerv Ment Dis 98 56-67, 1943 Kampen D, Sherwin B Estrogen use and verbal memory in healthy postmenopausal women. Obstet Gynecol 83 979-983, 1994 Kane JM, Quitkin FM, Rifkin A, et al Lithium carbonate and imipramine in the prophylaxis of unipolar and bipolar 11 illness a prospective placebo-controlled comparison. Arch Gen Psychiatry 39 1065-1069, 1982 Kaneno S, Komatsu H, Fukamauchi F, et al Biochemical basis of antidepressant-effect of low dose of sulpiride. Japanese Journal of Psychiatry and Neurology 45 131-132, 1991... 

If an injection of Rh0(D) antibody is administered to the mother within 24-72 hours after the birth of an Rh-positive infant, the mother s own antibody response to the foreign Rh0(D)-positive cells is suppressed because the infant s red cells are cleared from circulation before the mother can generate a -cell response against Rh0(D). Therefore she has no memory cells that can activate upon subsequent pregnancies with an Rh0(D)-positive fetus. 

A recently developed technique for infant assessment is embodied in the Fagan Test of Infant Intelligence, which assesses visual recognition memory. In this test, an infant faces a display with two screens. On one screen, a visual stimulus is presented for a specified period of time. Subsequently, that visual stimulus is projected on one screen and, at the same time, another visual stimulus is projected onto another screen. An observer records the amount of time the infant spends gazing at each screen. Normal infants look away from the visual stimulus which they have already seen and spend more time gazing at the novel stimulus, a trait which has been shown to correlate with higher scores later in development on the Stanford-Binet intelligence test. 

Gunderson VM, Grant-Webster KS, Burbacher TM, et al. 1988. Visual recognition memory deficits in methylmercury-exposed Macaca fascicularis infants. Neurotoxicol Teratol 10(4) 373-379. 

Siegfried, twenty-seven years old and already a successful dye merchant, was devastated. For years, he could barely face the world. He retreated into his expanding business and, according to one family member, lived from his memories. It s unclear who cared for his infant son one of Fritz s many aunts may have taken the boy into her home. 

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