Membrane preparation illustration

The availability of a great number of data obtained with different radioligands, membrane preparations, different tissue sources and differences in the assay conditions makes the comparison of receptor profile of clozapine, olanzapine and quetiapine (as well as other antipsychotics) extremely difficult This issue has become even more complicated since the availability of recombinant receptors from various species expressed in various expression systems that resulted in a continuously growing number of K, data and further additions to the receptor profile. (For example, in May 2005, when the latest search in the database http // kidb.cwru.edu/pdsp.php was made, 464, 272, and 156 K, values for various receptors and transporters were recorded for clozapine, olanzapine, and quetiapine, respectively, representing an average K, growth rate of 11 to 16 per month over the past five months.) Different data from the same authors obtained at different times further complicate the comparisons. The receptor K, data in Tab. 13.1 illustrate the situation to some extent. 

Fig. 24 Schematic illustration of nanoporous membrane preparation using the combshaped supramolecules concept [183]...

Two types of reactions involved in the preparation of NS-100 membranes are illustrated in Figure 2. The structural representation of polyethylenimine (PEI) is simplified to show only the reactive primary and secondary amine groups. In the first step the amine groups react rapidly with isophthaloyl chloride at the interface to produce a polyamide surface skin, while amine groups below... 

FIGURE 2.4 Illustration of atypical TFC membrane prepared from two different polymeric materials. 

Figure 13.13 illustrates the dependence of the proton conductivity on the incorporation of SiWA and Si02-Al203 composite at room temperature. The result for Nafion 112 is also presented for comparison with the membranes prepared. Only pure SPEEK56 membrane without any addition of inorganic materials possessed lower proton conductivity than Nafion 112 membrane while other membranes showed higher values of proton conductivity as shown in Eigure 13.14. 

Figure 4.28. Schematic illustration of a "chemical valve" membrane prepared with graft polymer on a porous support [ 121 ].

The procedure for preparing fibrillar/microporous polypyrrole membranes is illustrated schematically in Figure 2.. The membrane-coated convex Pt disk working electrode (Figure 3) is immersed into a solution containing the monomer (pyrrole), which is electropolymerized as described above. Ideally (see below) polypyrrole is only synthesized in the pores of the host membrane a Nuclepore/polypyrrole conductive composite membrane is obtained (Figure 2). Polymerization was terminated before the conductive polymer fibrils reached the Nuclepore/solution interface. 

Fig. 24a-d. Schematic illustration of a chemical valve membrane prepared with graft copolymer (a-d see text)... 

Figure 3.5 illustrates the alumina membrane preparation procedures. An aqueous aluminum-s-butoxide solution is heated at a temperature above 80°C to precipitate 7-AIOOH (boehmite), and then 0.03 to 0.15 mol/I of acid (HCI. HNO3, HCIO4) is added at a temperature above 90 C to produce stable 7-AlOOH sol by peptization. The size of the 7 A1(X)H sol particle is determined by the temperature, the type of acid, the concentration of acid, and the precipitation period. The control of the size of the particle is important, since it will govern the size of the pore of the membrane. In order to produce a composite 7-AI2O3 membrane, one side of a porous support membrane with a pore size from 0.12 to 0.8 fi is brought into contact with the 7-AlOOH sol. When the pore of the support membrane is sufficiently small, water in the sol enters the pores of the support membrane by capillary action the boehmite particle is left at the pore entrance, and its concentration increases. At a certain concen-... 

The above calculation steps were applied to the experimental data obtained using a cellulose acetate reverse osmosis membrane dried by the solvent exchange method. The details of the condition of the membrane preparation are reported in the literature [236]. The transport parameters obtained from the above experimental data were A = 0.1277 x 10 m", Aj = 0.1500 x 10 kmoI/m sPa, K = 4.0 x 10 m, and (7 = 1.3 x 10" m for CO2 gas. Note that an average pore size R as low as 4 x 10" m was obtained. Furthermore. flux components, Qsh and Qs were calculated and the contribution of the component flux to the total flux was determined for different gases under different operating pressures. The results are illustrated in Figure 6.20. 

For materials paepared using a mild-hard-mild anodising sequence such as that illustrated in Fig 4 (right), the small mild section of the membrane is more susceptible to attack by acids than the main body of the membrane prepared under 150 V hard conditions. By... 

The matrices of polymers such as poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP), polysul-fone, poly(trimethylene carbonate) (PTMC), triethylene glycol diacetate-butyl propenoate copolymer [28], and cellulose [29] are different from the mentioned polymers in Sections from 11.1 to 11.5. For example, when porous polysulfone is used as the polymer carrier, the ionic conductivity (3.93 x 10 S/cm at room temperature) and mechanical performance are greatly improved after adding plasticizers. When organic electrolyte is added to PTMC, the uptake ability is greatly improved because its structure is similar to that of the organic electrolyte. Methylcellulose (MC) is prepared easily as a porous polymer membrane, as illustrated in Figure 11.34. It can absorb liquid electrolyte to become a gel polymer electrolyte whose ionic conductivity is 0.2 mS/cm and lithium-ion transference number is 0.29. These results can compare with the commercial separator [29]. 

Alternatively, simpler bola-amphiphiles could associate in the bilayer membrane as illustrated on the right of Figure 1 to form aggregate pores (17). Individual molecules are assembled from the same "wall" and "head group" components, linked at the bilayer mid plane by simple bi-funcdonal linking reagents (tartaric acid, m>xylylene). A structure (below) illustrates one of fourteen examples prepared and characterized (18). The synthetic task is less demanding than in the case above as the candidate structures are all less than 2000 g/mol. 

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