Medicine anesthetics

Use Organic synthesis, medicine (anesthetic), refrigerant, solvent, grain and fruit fumigant. 

Use Copolymer with 3-5% polyvinyl chloride for plastic products such as clear plastic bottles medicine (anesthetic, for brief operations only). 

Medical Usage. Isopropyl alcohol is also used as an antiseptic and disinfectant for home, hospital, and industry (see Disinfectants and antiseptics). It is about twice as effective as ethyl alcohol in these appHcations (153,154). Rubbing alcohol, a popular 70 vol % isopropyl alcohol-in-water mixture, exemplifies the medicinal use of isopropyl alcohol. Other examples include 30 vol % isopropyl alcohol solutions for medicinal liniments, tinctures of green soap, scalp tonics, and tincture of mercurophen. It is contained in pharmaceuticals, eg, local anesthetics, tincture of iodine, and bathing solutions for surgical sutures and dressings. Over 200 uses of isopropyl alcohol have been tabulated (2). 

Combinations of barbiturates and benzodiazepine tranquilizers or even antihistaminergics having sedative properties are sometimes used. Furthermore, infusion of anesthetics can be used to provide long-term anesthesia for intensive care medicine. The antagonist flumazenil (18) is available to reverse the effects of anesthetics of the benzodiazepine class. 

These have generally been replaced in veterinary medicine by inhalation anesthetics. Phenobarbital /T(9-(9G, phenytan [57-41-0], and primidone [125-33-7] are used as anticonvulsants. 

In veterinary medicine, the Hst of inhalation anesthetics generally includes only two agents, halothane [151 -67-7] and methoxyflurane [76-38-0]. Although ether (ethyl ether) is used extensively in experimental work with laboratory animals, the risks associated with its use and the advantages of halothane and methoxyflurane have removed ether from general use by the practitioner. 

Medicinals. Many esters are used as pharmaceuticals (105,106). Of these, benzocaine, ethyl 4-aminobenzoate [94-09-7] is a topical anesthetic. Phenyl saHcylate [118-55-8] (1) has antipyretic, antirheumatic, and antiparasitic properties. 

A chance observation made some time prior to the full structural elucidation of cocaine in fact led to one of the more important lasses of local anesthetics. It was found that the simple ethyl e. ter of p-aminobenzoic acid, benzocaine (25), showed activity. 1-. a local anesthetic. It is of interest to note that this drug, I 1rst introduced in 1903, is still in use today. Once the struc-iiire of cocaine was established, the presence of an alkanolamine iiiniety in cocaine prompted medicinal chemists to prepare esters "I aminobenzoic acids with acyclic alkanolamines. Formula 26 11 presents the putative relationship of the target substances with cocaine. 

Esters of tropine have a venerable place in medicinal chemistry. One such compound, cocaine, the object of some current interest, was the natural product lead which led eventually to most of today s local anesthetics. A distantly related analogue is prepared by reaction of tropine (132) with 3,5-dimethylbenzoyl chloride. This leads to an ester structurally related to another ]ii ominent natural product, atropine (133). The product, tropanaerin (134), is described as an iinti.serotonergic agent intended for antimigraine use [34]. 

Tetracaine is a substance used medicinally as a spinal anesthetic during lumbar punctures (spinal taps). 

In conjunction with local anesthetics to prolong anesthetic action in medicine and dentistry. 

Phencyclidine (l-[l-phenylcyclohexyl] piperidine, PCP) was originally developed as an intravenous anesthetic in the 1950s. Used for this indication, it causes a trance-like state without loss of consciousness and was hence classified as a dissociative anesthetic. However, it was soon withdrawn from human use because it produced unpleasant hallucinations, agitation, and delirium. The product was later used in veterinary medicine. Ketamine, a chemically closely related substance, was developed to replace PCP and is stiU in use as a dissociative anesthetic in children. Ketamine is less potent than PCP, and its effects are of shorter duration. However, it may also cause hallucinations (see the section on ketamine in Chapter 7, Club Drugs ). Much of the ketamine sold on the street (special K, cat Valium) has been diverted from veterinarians offices. 

Phencyclidine (PCP), one of the arylcyclohexylamines. was developed and originally used as a general anesthetic for humans. Due to psychotic and hallucinogenic reactions, use of the drug for humans was discontinued. It is now used legally only in veterinary medicine as an animal immobilizing agent. 

Very few injectable dosage forms have been specifically developed and approved by FDA for intraocular use. However, the ophthalmologist uses available parenteral dosage forms to deliver antiinfectives, corti-costerioids, and anesthetic products to achieve higher therapeutic concentrations intraocularly than can ordinarily be achieved by topical or systemic administration. These unapproved or off-label uses have developed over time as part of the physician s practice of medicine. However, these drugs are usually administered by subconjunctival or retrobulbar injection and rarely are they injected directly in the eye [301]. 

One of the first pharmacological classes to be studied by medicinal chemists was local anesthetics. Many of the guiding principles which are used to this day, for example, molecular dissection, side chain substitution and inversion, and the like, were first developed in the course of those early researches. 

Chemistry of General Anesthetics. PHA 422-Neurology Pharmacotherapeutics-Medicinal Chemistry Tutorial, Patrick M. Woster, Ph.D., Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Allied Health Professions, Wayne State University, http //wizard.pharm.wayne.edu/medchem/ganest.html... 

Used medicinally and by veterinarians as a local anesthetic. Also used as an illegal street drug. 

Used medicinally as a short-acting general anesthetic. Effects dissipate after approximately 20 min. 

Clear, colorless liquid with a sweetish, pleasant odor. Used medicinally as an inhalation anesthetic. Exposure Hazards... 

Used medicinally as an inhalation anesthetic. Exposure Hazards... 

Once the cocaine has been legally produced from the coca leaf, it is exported to various countries for medicinal use, basically as a topical local anesthetic (applied to the surface, not injected, only treating a particular area). In the United States the crystalline powder is imported to pharmaceutical companies who process and package the cocaine for medical use. Merck Pharmaceutical Company and Mallinckrodt Chemical Works distribute cocaine in crystalline form (Hydrochloride Salt) in dark colored glass bottles to pharmacies and hospitals throughout the United States. Cocaine, in the alkaloid form (base drug containing no additives such as hydrochloride in the crystalline form) is rarely used for medicinal purposes. Cocaine hydrochloride crystals or flakes come in Vs, A and 1 ounce bottles from the manufacturer and has a wholesale price of approximately 20 to 25 per ounce (100% pure). 

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