Distribution cocaine

Calkins, Jonathan P., et al. Mandatory Minimum Sentences Throwing Away the Key or the Taxpayers Money , Santa Monica RAND, 1997. The authors attempt to calculate the cost-effectiveness of mandatory minimum sentences for crimes related to cocaine distribution. This sentencing policy is compared to normal sentencing (without minimums) and to drug treatment. The conclusion is that mandatory minimum sentences are the least cost-effective policy, with drug treatment being the best investment of public expendimres. 

Bieri S, Brachet A, Veuthey J-L, Christen P (2006) Cocaine distribution in wild Erythroxylum species. J Ethnopharmacol 103 (Copyright (C) 2012 American Chemical Society (ACS). All Rights Reserved.) 439-447. doi 10.1016/j.jep.2005.08.021... 

Madras, B.K. and Kaufman, M.J., Cocaine accumulates in dopamine-rich regions of primate brain after I.V. administration comparison with mazindol distribution, Synapse, 18, 261, 1994. 

Figure 5.1 Visualization of the distribution of the DA transporter, D3 receptor, and K2-opioid receptor in the human brain of a drug-free control subject and a representative cocaine overdose victim. (A, B) The DA transporter was measured using [3H]WIN 35,428 (2 nM) as described previously. (C, D) The D3 receptor was measured using [3H]-(+)-7-OH-DPAT (1 nM) in the presence of GTP (300 m/W) to enhance the selective labeling of the D3 receptor subtype over the D2 receptor subtype as described previously. (E, F) The K2-opioid receptor subtype was measured using [125l]IOXY on tissue sections pretreated with BIT and FIT to occlude binding to the p- and 8-opioid receptors, respectively.

The 13C labels allow for use of 13C NMR in which the peaks containing the 13C label enrichment show satellites corresponding to a 1JCc coupling ( 30 Hz). The distribution pattern of 13C labels found was more complicated than one single pathway and pointed toward both pelletierine and cocaine-derived alkaloid pathways, both which incorporate two acetate units Hemscheidt T, Spenser ID (1993) J Am Chem Soc 115 3020... 

Once the cocaine has been legally produced from the coca leaf, it is exported to various countries for medicinal use, basically as a topical local anesthetic (applied to the surface, not injected, only treating a particular area). In the United States the crystalline powder is imported to pharmaceutical companies who process and package the cocaine for medical use. Merck Pharmaceutical Company and Mallinckrodt Chemical Works distribute cocaine in crystalline form (Hydrochloride Salt) in dark colored glass bottles to pharmacies and hospitals throughout the United States. Cocaine, in the alkaloid form (base drug containing no additives such as hydrochloride in the crystalline form) is rarely used for medicinal purposes. Cocaine hydrochloride crystals or flakes come in Vs, A and 1 ounce bottles from the manufacturer and has a wholesale price of approximately 20 to 25 per ounce (100% pure). 

R. A. Dean, J. Zhang, M. R. Brzezinski, W. F. Bosron, Tissue Distribution of Cocaine Methyl Esterase and Ethyl Transferase Activities Correlation with Carboxylesterase Protein , J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1995, 275, 965 - 971. 

Finally, there are two experimental methods which have not yet been applied in ordinary or even specialized clinical practice. For a long time there has been interest in the prospect of vaccination, and while a variety of techniques have been used, the basic principle is that limited exposure to cocaine produces antibodies which then prevent fiill distribution of the drug into the brain if it is taken (Kantak 2003). The other approach, less researched, is to enhance drug excretion, to reduce the acute reinforcing effects of cocaine (Donovan et al. 2005). 

The distribution patterns within this market continue to evolve. Cocaine is trafficked to Europe via the Caribbean and, increasingly, via Africa. Over the 2000-2005 period the largest increases in cocaine seizures were reported by countries in Africa and West and Central Europe. In both... 

Increases in cocaine use have been reported from a number of countries in South America, Central America and the Caribbean, reflecting the growth of consumer markets along the distribution chain. These increases must be monitored carefully with a view to halting any further increase on both the supply and the demand sides. 

Cocaine is frequently shipped to the countries along the Gulf of Guinea, from where it is usually trafficked by body packers to various destinations in Europe, with the main African re-distribution centres being Ghana and... 

Fig. 55 Annual prevalence of cocaine use (2005) distribution by region (N=14.3 million)...

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