Medication concentration

Medication Concentration High concentration of medication absorbs rapidly. (Hint Healthcare providers may prescribe a high dose of a medication as the first dose, called a loading dose, to quickly increase absorption and speed the therapeutic effect.)... 

Medication concentration is the percentage of the active ingredient in a dose of medication. There are generally two levels of concentrations. These are ... 

Let s consider the following problem. Two sets of blood samples have been collected from a patient receiving medication to lower her concentration of blood glucose. One set of samples was drawn immediately before the medication was administered the second set was taken several hours later. The samples are analyzed and their respective means and variances reported. ITow do we decide if the medication was successful in lowering the patient s concentration of blood glucose ... 

Several modes of waste management are available. The simplest is to dilute and disperse. This practice is adequate for the release of small amounts of radioactive material to the atmosphere or to a large body of water. Noble gases and slightly contaminated water from reactor operation are eligible for such treatment. A second technique is to hold the material for decay. This is appHcable to radionucHdes of short half-life such as the medical isotope technetium-9 9m = 6 h), the concentration of which becomes negligible in a week s holding period. The third and most common approach to waste... 

Sahcyhc acid USP, EP, and other pharmacopeia grades are used medically as antiseptic, disinfectant, antifungal, and keratolytic agents. Sahcyhc acid is formulated in lotion or ointment formulations for the treatment of dandmff, eczema, psoriasis, and various parasitic skin diseases. Because the keratolytic property of this aromatic acid has use in the safe removal of dead skin cells from the surface of healthy skin, the acid is used in concentrated sahcyhc acid solutions or suspensions to remove warts and corns. In more dilute form, sahcyhc acid preparations have found use in dandmff and eczema treatment. Sahcyhc acid has been considered and found effective by the Advisory Committees to the FDA in various over-the-counter (OTC) dmg regulated uses. Among these are acne products, dermatitis, dry skin, dandmff and psoriasis products, and foot care products (24). 

Pharmaceutical Applications. Sucrose has a long history in the manufacture of pharmaceuticals. It imparts body to symps and medicinal hquids and masks unpleasant tastes. Sucrose also functions as a diluent to control dmg concentrations in medicines, as an ingredient binder for tablets, and to impart chewiness to the latter. Sustained-release medications and protective tablet glazes are prepared using sucrose (41). Sucrose-based sugar pastes are used to promote wound healing (58). 

Toxicity Data on Af- Vinyl-2-Pyrrolidinone. Results of a chronic inhalation study in rats warrant a review of industrial hygiene practices to assure that VP vapor concentrations are maintained at a safe level. One of the manufacturers, ISP, recommends that an appropriate workplace exposure limit be set at 0.1 ppm (vapor) (9). Additionally, normal hygienic practices and precautions are recommended, such as prompt removal from skin and avoidance of ingestion. In case of accidental eye contact, immediately flush with water for at least 15 minutes and seek medical attention. Refer to the manufacturers Material Safety Data Sheets for more detailed information. Table 3 provides some toxicity data. 

Medical Uses. A significant usage of chelation is in the reduction of metal ion concentrations to such a level that the properties may be considered to be negligible, as in the treatment of lead poisoning. However, the nuclear properties of metals may retain then full effect under these conditions, eg, in nuclear magnetic resonance or radiation imaging and in localizing radioactivity. 

Victims of overexposure to trichloroethylene should be removed to fresh air, and medical attention should be obtained immediately. A self-contained positive pressure breathing device should be used wherever high vapor concentrations are expected, eg, when cleaning up spills or when accidental releases occur. 

The Eederal Coal Mine Health and Safety Act set standards for mine ventilation, roof support, coal dust concentrations levels, mine inspections, and equipment. As a part of this comprehensive act, miners must receive medical examinations at employer expense, and payments are made from the U.S. government to miners who caimot work because of black lung disease. 

Chlorhexidine has found other medical appHcations, eg, in urology in preventing urinary tract infections (217), in obstetrics and gynecology (218), in controlling infection in bums and wounds (219), and in the prevention of oral disease (220). Hypersensitivity to chlorhexidine has been reported in Japan (221) but 0.05% concentration is considered to be safe. 

Commercial use of cell and tissue culture continues to expand. Improvement of organisms through recombinant nucleic acid techniques has become commonplace. Formerly, a few laboratories were well ahead of most others, but now the methods have been perfected for routine use. Another technique that is widely practiced is culturing of cells that excrete high concentrations of just one antibody protein. The specificity of antibodies and antigens is exploited in medical testing procedures using these pure monoclonal antibodies. 

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