Medical sensor

Among the non-medical sensors, those for oil contamination and for oxygen are predominant. Fig. 6 shows the tip of the fiber optic oxygen microsensor of Presens. 

Wolfbeis O.S. (ed.), Biochemical and Medical Sensors, SPIE Proc. 2085, 1993. 

Integration of medical sensors into dental care equipment... 

Electrochemists study electrons. The presence, absence, and movement of electrons often determine whether a chemical reaction will take place. Electrochemists work with semiconductors, medical sensors, metal plating, and anti-corrosion technology in the automobile, medical, and computer industries and in other fields. 

Harmer, A. Scheggi, A. (1989) Chemical, biochemical and medical sensors, in Culshaw, B. Dakin, J. (Eds.) Optical Fiber Sensors Systems and Applications, Norwood, MA Artech House. Hendra, P. J., EUis, G. Cutler, D. J. (1988) J. Raman Spectrosc., 19, 413-418. 

Power is normally required to capture responses of the sensor, process and transmit data. While training in a physiological laboratory allows for sensor systems to be electrically supplied by the mains, in the field, power is best supplied by a disposable or rechargeable battery incorporated with the other electronic components of the system. Few sports applications require sleep phases, when the sensors are not required to be active. For most sports, the power requirements in use, whether for training or competition, are continuous but limited to hours as opposed to days. Thus, compared to medical sensors where data sometimes need to be gathered over several days, the power requirements are less stringent, which helps reduce the overall weight of the sensor system. 

Potentially useful single crystal HP-LCVD fibers include hafnium boride and tantalum carbide and have projected service temperatures ranging from 2170 to 2715 C. Presently envisioned applications include the potential use of these fibers as consumable sensors to monitor rocket exhaust temperatures. Other HP-LCVD sensor fibers, including Si, Ge and ZnSe, (Figure 15), promise to offer high value in premium automotive and medical sensor systems. Single crystal HP-LCVD germanium [20] and silicon carbide [21] fibers can now also become available for exploration. In summary, the HP-LCVD process is an ideally suited tool for the rapid fabrication and evaluation, without extensive process research, of test samples of potentially new fiber candidates for structural and sensor uses. 

Mobile health (mHealth) is an emerging concept which refers to the combinational use of mobile computing, communication technologies, and medical sensors for healthcare [1]. In addition to the passive provision of health-related information via mobile platforms, its scope also extends to more active applications such as disease management, medical prognosis, diagnosis, and even treatment. A typical mHealth system is characterized by its features of mobility, wireless connectivity, location independence, and timely response— which together provide seamless and personalized healthcare. 

Limited research has been reported in the literature regarding secure communications in WBANs utilizing biometric information. Venkatasubramanian et al. provided an overview of security solutions in pervasive health care systems, where biomedical information was utihzed for securing data collected by medical sensors, and for controUing access to health information managed by pervasive health care systems. Cherukuri et al. proposed a biometrics-based key distribution scheme to secure the... 

Yakovlev YP, Baranov AN, Imenkov AN, Mikhailova MP (1991) Optoelectronic LED-photodiode pairs for moisture and gas sensors in spectral range 1.8-4.8 pm. In Wolfbeis S (ed) Chemical and medical sensors. Proc SPIE 1510 170-177... 

Mueller, A. (2005) Enz3Tne Electrodes for Medical Sensors, Afini-Rev. in Med Chem., 5, 231-9. 

Although ISEs are perhaps the earliest of practical medical sensors, and have good response capabilities for baseline, "housekeeping", ions of relevance to medicine, then-use is mainly restricted to the automated central hospital laboratory. Such in vitro use has, nevertheless, stimulated re-evaluation of their responsive constituents and membrane materials, eg, with regard to blood compatibility, which may have relevance to future in vivo use. Therefore, interest in the avoidance of leachables, for example, and investigation of alternative polymers is ongoing. 

Target applications of piezoelectric films include switches, computer graphics, robotics tactile sensors, infrared detectors, medical sensors, musical instrument pickup, and hydrophones. 

The recent progress in sensor technology has been remarkable. Of the many sensors now used in the medical field, they can be divided into diagnosis and cure types. As an example of the latter category, one sensor system monitors kidney dialysis. In this subsection, the concept of medical sensors and how gels are used for the construction of sensors will be explained. Furthermore, examples of recent research along with future potential possibilities will be considered. 

Table 2 Examples of recent research on medical sensors.

The role of gels in medical sensors has been summarized and includes recent results. Particularly, the use of the volume transition function of a gel provides great potential for future sensor research. For example, there is an attempt to construct a drug delivery system using the sensor and matrix function of a gel. However, readers are referred to other chapters of this handbook for details. 

Plate 45 A researcher at the BOC Group Technical Centre, Murray Hill, New Jersey, USA, using an advanced Electron Spectroscopy For Chemical Analysis (ESCA) unit. ESCA provides qualitative and quantitative analysis of the chemistry of elements present in the outermost layers of solid materials. The unit is used in the development of thin-film coatings, medical sensors, molecular sieves and catalysts. See Photoelectron Spectrometers Photoelectron Spectroscopy. Reproduced with permission from Science Photo Library. 

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