Mechanisms universal joint

Following the operating principle of the most commonly used universal joint, the input shaft and the output shaft both terminate in yokes that are oriented in mutually perpendicular planes. The branches of each yoke are pinned to a cross connector so that each yoke can pivot about its beam of the cross. This mechanism was employed in the sixteenth century by Italian mathematician Geronimo Cardano, who used it to maintain a shipboard compass in a horizontal plane, regardless of the movement of the ship. Consequently it is often called a Cardan joint. 

The spherical pendulum, which consists of a mass attached by a massless rigid rod to a frictionless universal joint, exhibits complicated motion combining vertical oscillations similar to those of the simple pendulum, whose motion is constrained to a vertical plane, with rotation in a horizontal plane. Chaos in this system was first observed over 100 years ago by Webster [2] and the details of the motion discussed at length by Whittaker [3] and Pars [4]. All aspects of its possible motion are covered by the case, when the mass is projected with a horizontal speed V in a horizontal direction perpendicular to the vertical plane containing the initial position of the pendulum when it makes some acute angle with the downward vertical direction. In many respects, the motion is similar to that of the symmetric top with one point fixed, which has been studied ad nauseum by many of the early heroes of quantum mechanics [5]. 

Fig. 18 Mechanical movements of one ring relative to the other in a catenane, which from a macroscopic viewpoint are reminiscent of movements of a ball and socket joint (top) and of a universal joint (bottom)...

A catenane is a molecule composed of two or more interlocked macrocyclic components. From a macroscopic mechanical viewpoint the movement of one ring relative to the other in a catenane is reminiscent of a ball and socket joint (Fig. 18, top) [81]. Similarly, twisting of one ring around the main axis of the catenane forces the other ring to rotate in the same direction in a manner reminiscent of an universal joint (Fig. 18, bottom) [81]. 

Annulus Fibrosis With its concentric laminated bands arranged in a helicoid manner, this structure functions as a universal joint between the fifth lumbar vertebra and the sacrum. Before degeneration of the disc occurred, it was able to resist the forces. When mechanical failure of a disc occurs due to sheer stress, torsional stress, cyclical loading and progressive slippage may occur. 

The increase in the mass of plastics in cars has occurred in the luxurious, as well as in the cheaper models. In BMW cars, for instance, the proportion of plastics has been double that of the average for German cars. Three specific mechanical examples of the use of plastics in BMW cars are (1) the universal joint which is used to operate the water valve in the heating system (2) the heating air intake grill and (3) centrifugal fans for the heating system. 

Flexible shafting is a direct, mechanical method for transmitting rotary power or motion between two points through a simple or complex path. In its many applications, flexible shafting has simplified and/or replaced conventional methods of power or motion transmittal such as gears, belts, pulleys, and universal joints. 

Site 1 Florida Agricultural and Mechanical University (FAMU) and Florida State University (FSU) Joint Engineering Program... 

Florida Agricultural and Mechanical University in 1953. FAMU ranks 15 for Tier 1 universities of the U.S. News World Report ranking of HBCU s for 2009. FAMU opened with an initial cohort of fifteen students and now enrolls more than 11,587 students. Created in 1987, FAMU s College of Engineering is a joint program with Florida State University (FSU) and is unique in that regard. 

Along with high mechanical properties, copper improves its conductivity in the range of lower temperatures (at -160°C 400, -190°C 450, and -252°C 1600 kcal/m °C hr). It softens in the temperature range of 200 to 220°C as shown in Figure 3.5. The casting properties of copper are rather fair, but copper can be readily stretched, flattened, rolled, welded and brazed. For chemical plant work, welded or brazed joints have become almost universal. 

However, Waite s approach has several shortcomings (first discussed by Kotomin and Kuzovkov [14, 15]). First of all, it contradicts a universal principle of statistical description itself the particle distribution functions (in particular, many-particle densities) have to be defined independently of the kinetic process, but it is only the physical process which determines the actual form of kinetic equations which are aimed to describe the system s time development. This means that when considering the diffusion-controlled particle recombination (there is no source), the actual mechanism of how particles were created - whether or not correlated in geminate pairs - is not important these are concentrations and joint densities which uniquely determine the decay kinetics. Moreover, even the knowledge of the coordinates of all the particles involved in the reaction (which permits us to find an infinite hierarchy of correlation functions = 2,...,oo, and thus is... 

Paraschi, M., A fracture mechanics approach to the failure of adhesive joints, PhD thesis. Department of Mechanical Engineering. 2002, Imperial College, University of London London. 

Sheppard, A., Kelly, D., Tong, L., (1998), Int. J. of Adhesion and Adhesives 18, 385. Wemersson, H., (1994), Fracture characterization of wood adhesive joints. Report TVSM-1006, Lund University, Division of Structural Mechanics, Lund, Sweden, Simon, F., Morel, S., Valentin, G. (1997). In Proceedings of the Euromech Colloquium 358, Mechanical behaviour of adhesive joints, analysis, testing and design, Pluralis, Paris, pp. 341-351. 

We would like to express our gratitude to Drs. M. Oliaslii at Kanagawa University, M. Kato at the Institute of Space and Astronomical Science, and N. Handa at Aichi Prefectural University for constructive discussions on shock experiments and on mechanisms of shock reactions. We tliank Dr. W. Agena at uses in Denver for critically reading the manuscript. We also indebted to T. Masuda, K. Suzuki, and T. Torii at Nagoya University for tlieir teclinical assistance. This woik is partially supported by the Grant in Aid for Scientific Research, No. 07740436, No. 08740426, and No. 12640447 from the Ministry of Education, Japan, and Joint Project Fund from Japan National Oil Corporation. 

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