Mechanical properties carbon black reinforcement

Elastomers require, in most applications, to be reinforced by fillers in order to improve their mechanical properties. Carbon black and silica have been used for a long time in the rubber industry to prepare composites with greatly improved properties such as strength, stiffness and wear resistance. These conventional fillers must be used at high loading levels to impart to the material the desired properties (1). The state of filler dispersion and orientation... 

Nukaga, H., Fujinami, S., Watabe, H., Nakajima, K., and Nishi, T., Evaluation of mechanical properties of carbon black reinforced natural rubber by atomic force microscopy, J. Soc. Rubber Ind. Jpn., 79, 509-515 (2006). 

A reduction of the required energy could be reached by the incorporation of conductive fillers such as heat conductive ceramics, carbon black and carbon nanotubes [103-105] as these materials allowed a better heat distribution between the heat source and the shape-memory devices. At the same time the incorporation of particles influenced the mechanical properties increased stiffness and recoverable strain levels could be reached by the incorporation of microscale particles [106, 107], while the usage of nanoscale particles enhanced stiffness and recoverable strain levels even more [108, 109]. When nanoscale particles are used to improve the photothermal effect and to enhance the mechanical properties, the molecular structure of the particles has to be considered. An inconsistent behavior in mechanical properties was observed by the reinforcement of polyesterurethanes with carbon nanotubes or carbon black or silicon carbide of similar size [3, 110]. While carbon black reinforced materials showed limited Ri around 25-30%, in carbon-nanotube reinforced polymers shape-recovery stresses increased and R s of almost 100% could be determined [110]. A synergism between the anisotropic carbon nanotubes and the crystallizing polyurethane switching segments was proposed as a possible... 

Carbon blacks are the most used among all pigments. They have a high pigmentation power and they improve many of the physical properties of polymers, such as light stability, processibility, and mechanical properties. Channel black has been banned in the United States since 1976 only all gas-fired channel black is still permissible in food contact applications. Other carbon blacks, mainly thermal and lamp carbon blacks, are used in rubber reinforcement acetylene carbon black is interesting for its electrical conductivity and is used as an antistatic agent. Activated carbon is also used in some cases. 

The mechanical properties and cross-linked network structure of a peroxide-cured nitrile rubber containing magnesium methacrylate are investigated and discussed. Some typical properties of the material are compared with those of carbon black reinforced nitrile rubber. 8 refs. CHINA... 

Reinforcing fillers (active) Fumed Silica (Si02) precipitated calcium carbonate (CaCOi) carbon black Thixotropic reinforcing agents (non-slump), adjustment of mechanical properties (cohesion) provide toughness to the elastomer as opposed to brittle materials. 

The study of the mechanical properties of filled elastomer systems is a chaUenging and exciting topic for both fundamental science and industrial application. It is known that the addition of hard particulates to a soft elastomer matrix results in properties that do not follow a straightforward mle of mixtures. Research efforts in this area have shown that the properties of filled elastomers are influenced by the nature of both the filler and the matrix, as well as the interactions between them. Several articles have reviewed the influence of fiUers hke sihca and carbon black on the reinforcement of elastomers.In general, the strucmre-property relationships developed for filled elastomers have evolved into the foUowing major areas FiUer structure, hydrodynamic reinforcement, and interactions between fiUers and elastomers. 

Improvement of the mechanical properties of elastomers is usually reached by their reinforcement with fillers. Traditionally, carbon black, silica, metal oxides, some salts and rigid polymers are used. The elastic modulus, tensile strength, and swelling resistence are well increased by such reinforcement. A new approach is based on block copolymerization yielding thermoelastoplastics, i.e. block copolymers with soft (rubbery) and hard (plastic) blocks. The mutual feature of filled rubbers and the thermoelastoplastics is their heterogeneous structure u0). 

Graphitized carbon blacks, thus undoubtly display reinforcing abilities which become obvious when considering the tensile strength of the unfilled vulcanizate. It follows that the formation of a filler-elastomer chemical bond is not a requirement for reinforcement to occur. It strongly participates, however, in its effectiveness, and determines the good mechanical properties connected with rubber reinforce-... 

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