Measurement derived

Table 6.2. Different types of similarity measures derived from both qualitative and quantitative characteristics, o is the number of features of an object A, b is the number of features of object B, c is the number of features common to A and B, d is the number of features absent from A and B (see the te>ct for more details).

Hellinger (1988,1991,1992) developed a model that estimated the provider costs of AIDS using incidence-based measures derived from US data. His findings for inpatients were similar to those by Scitovsky and Rice (1987). He added the costs of outpatient antiretroviral medications and estimated an increase of provider costs from US 5.8 billion in 1991 to US 10.4 billion in 1994 and to US 15.2 billion in 1995. 

Two additional feature can be incorporated into Eqs. (7.32)—(7.35) the dipole orientation distribution and the concentration distribution in systems consisting of many dipoles. The orientation of the dipole with respect to the surface, described by angles Q = (8, ), affects E and all the other measurables derived from it.(33) Consider a concentration distribution of dipoles in both orientation and distance from the surface specified by C(0, , z). Since the dipoles all oscillate incoherently with respect to one another, the integrated intensity J due to this distribution is simply ... 

As the combustion proceeded, the bed surface regressed downwards and reached the first thermocouple (Tl), and after some time the second one (T2), and then the third one (T3). Since the time elapsed for the combustion front to regress between the thermocouples was measured (derived from temperature curves), and the distances between the thermocouples were fixed, the regression rate could be calculated. From the ratio between the air flow and regression rate the bed stoichiometric ratio could be obtained. 

Subheading 2.3. describes the last class of finite feature vectors, namely, those with continuous-valued components, where the components (i.e., features) are usually obtained from computed or experimentally measured properties. An often-overlooked aspect of continuous feature vectors is the inherent nonorthogonality of the basis of the feature space. The consequences of this are discussed in Subheading 2.3.2, Similarity measures derived from continuous... 

Creep tests in uniaxial tension were made at 11 temperatures between —70° and 75°C on strips which were cut 1.27-cm wide, 0.12-cm thick, and 20.0-cm long from a sheet cast from benzene solution. The distance between the grips was 19.0 cm. Bench marks were placed 15.0 cm apart. Displacements were read from the bench marks using a power driven cathetometer of 0.0002-cm sensitivity. The creep tests covered a minimum range of about four decades of time beginning at 10 seconds. The measurements were repeated at 15°, 30°, 40°, and 50°C on a second sheet, also cast from benzene solution. Measurements derived... 

An annual target-setting process for operational improvements needs to be established. Very specific targets have to be set for each plant and production unit, that in sum will allow the overall company target to be achieved. The process should start with a top-down target for cost savings, followed by bottom-up action and milestone plans. The improvement opportunities could be reductions in annual plant downtime to below ten percent per year as a sum of numerous measures derived from observations on the shop floor, i.e., reduction of downtime for specific vacuum pumps via preventive maintenance or substitution of a repairintensive pump by one more suited to the process step. 

Molecular dynamics simulations combined with measurements derived from an X-ray crystallographic investigation have been employed to lead to an improved understanding of intramolecular and intermolecular motions that contribute to an... 

Head-type flow measurement derives from Bernoulli s theorem. Work on the conventional orifice plate for gas flow measurement was commenced by Weymouth in the United States in 1903. 

The abundances of carbon relative to the other elements has been measured in stars and in the interstellar clouds and ionized nebulae. These measurements derive from high-resolution spectroscopy of spectra from stars, from the strength of forbidden line emissions and of ultraviolet lines from ions in nebulae, and from millimeter radio spectroscopy in interstellar clouds (see 12C, Astronomical measurements for a summary). 

In light of these qualifications, it can only be said that the maximum measured value of 10 kg/mni seems reasonable. It also compares favorably with shear strength measurements derived from epoxy-bonded, lap-shear tests (9). 

While the individual reaction rates are the variables that, can be affected in a reacting system, we often express the performance of the reactor in terms of measures derived from the rates. Conversion and yield are such quantities. Conversion refers to the fractional consumption of a reactant in the reactor feed, whereas yield refers to the amount of product made relative to the amount of a key reactant fed to the reactor. In recycle systems the per-pass conversion of the various reactants is a relevant measure. It depends upon the rate of reaction for the specific component but also on the reactor feed. The per-pass conversion of an excess reactant is less than that of a limiting reactant. For example, the per-pass conversion of ethylene in a typical vinyl acetate reactor is only 7 percent whereas the per-pass conversion of oxygen is 36 percent. In Chap. 2 we discussed the plantwide control implications of incomplete conversion. 

Instead, Kirwan proceeded in a different direction, measuring the capacities or respective quantities of acids and alkalis required in making neutral salts, or the point of saturation. In doing so, he followed closely Homberg s precedent, which reveals his intimate knowledge of French chemical literature. Fluent in French, he had a complete set of the academy s memoirs in his library. In order to circumvent the necessary imprecision in such measurements deriving from the variety of acids and alkalis used by chemists, he invented a standard—spirit of salt or marine acid produced by saturating distilled water with marine acid air ... 

If chemical companies accept the capital markets expectations as their primary performance target, then attempts to achieve production excellence - and thereby influence the biggest cost element in the business system - can only benefit them. To ensure well-rounded performance improvement, the capital market perspective should also be combined with other outward-looking measures derived... 

The measure m A) of a fuzzy set A is analogous to the concept of area viy) or, in general, the n-dimensional volume of an ordinary set T, where the formal mass-density of ordinary set Y can be interpreted as the constant membership function /Liy(x) = 1 for every point x of set Y. For fuzzy sets, however, the concept of volume does not appear particularly useful, and a formal total mass, taken as the integral of Eq. (100), appears more appropriate. In this context, the role of volume as applied for weighting purposes for ordinary sets can be played by the formal total mass m A) of fuzzy sets, and this function miA) will be used for scaling various symmetry deficiency measures derived for fuzzy sets. 

The crack length values obtained from the compliance method were finally compared with crack length measurements derived from a multispecimen procedure, in which a set of identical specimens was subjected to the same applied stress intensity factor (Kic = 0.48 MPa m ") for different times and then broken open in liquid nitrogen, and excellent agreement was found. 

Rice, T, Borecki, J. B., Bouchard, C., and Rao, D. C, (1993). Segregation analysis of fat mass and other body composiiion measures derived from undenvatcr weighing. Arri. J. Hum. Genii. 52, 967-973. 

Information content is a fundamental measure derived from the partitioning of elements into equivalence classes several - molecular descriptors are derived as -t information indices. 

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