Means testing

The diffusion equation describes the evolution of the mean test particle density h(r,t) at point r in the fluid at time t. Denoting the Fourier transform of the local density field by hk(t), in Fourier space the diffusion equation takes the form... 

In contrast to variable testing (comparison of measured values or analytical values), attribute testing means testing of product or process quality (nonconformity test, good-bad test) by samples. Important parameters are the sample size n (the number of units within the random sample) as well as the acceptance criterion naccept, both of which are determined according to the lot size, N, and the proportion of defective items, p, within the lot, namely by the related distribution function or by operational characteristics. 

After immersion, test pieces are usually cooled to room temperature (although the standard does not mention this), which is best done by transferring them to a fresh portion of the test liquid. Surplus test liquid must be removed from the surface but no evaporation should be allowed before measurement of change in property. For very volatile liquids this means testing quickly or, for mass measurement, rapidly transferring the test piece to a weighing bottle. 

Source Degrees Sum of squares-definition Sum of squares- Mean Test... 

Table XVII shows similar comparisons of the deviations from the first rule of the mean for an 0-disproportionation between carbon dioxide species. Here, the normal modes have been divided into 2 linear modes and 2 non-linear modes. The approximations for the non-linear modes are much better than those for the linear modes, simply because v max for the former is only a quarter of v max for the latter. Calculations (not shown in the Table) made with the Chebyshev (L = 5) yielded In K s of 2.550 X 10 and 2.086 X 10 for n = 2 and 3, respectively, compared with the exact value of 3.546 X 10 at 300°K. Rule of the Mean tests are especially useful for examining the suitability of a polynomial to a particular molecule, because they permit an examination of the correspondence between individual terms of the expansion and motions of groups of atoms in the molecule.

Table 2 Investigation of accuracy by comparison of an LC assay procedure with a nitrogen determination according to Dumas. The content obtained from the latter is corrected for the amount of impurities determined with LC. The critical value for the mean /-test is larger than the tabulated one, therefore, a (statistically) significant difference of the means is observed. However, the absolute difference between the two procedures, which have a completely different methodology, is only 0.89%...

The variability of the mean test result from a group of n patients decreases proportionally to the square root of the number of determinations. The variability of the estimated mean is given by the standard error of the mean (SEM), which is equal to the standard deviation of the patient population divided by the square root of n, the number of patient measurements included in the group mean. Consider the following example, where the s of the patient values is 100 units. As n increases to 16, 25, 100, and 400, the SEM becomes 25, 20, 10, and 5 units, respectively. If the s of the analytical method was 10 units, the distribution of patients would be 10 times as large however, if one considers the mean values of groups of 100 patients, the variability (SEM) of the group mean is approximately equal to the variability... 

Within the meaning of Sensory sensory in combination with other attributes additionally means performing actions with sensory panels. Therefore Sensory Testing means testing with a sensory panel. 

Is it more efficient to means test input subsidies than to means test insurance subsidies ... 

Consideration of Only the Point Estimate of the Mean Test/Reference Ratio... 

A stock solution was prepared by dissolving 1.25 mg of each extract in 1 ml of solvent (5 % DMSO in acetone for the hexane, chloroform and ethyl acetate extracts, and water for the methanol extract) to obtain concentrations of 1250 ppm. The stock solution was diluted to 25, 12.5, 6.25, 2.5 and 1.25 ppm. Freshly moulted late 3" -instar Anopheles gambiae larvae (20) were released into each test beaker containing 100 ml of distilled water treated with the respective sample concentration. In the control experiments, the larvae were exposed to 2.0, 1.0, 0.5, 0.2 and 0.1 ml acetone diluted to 100 ml with distilled water. Fish food was provided for the larvae, and the test beakers were placed in a room maintained at 26°C and with a photoperiod of 12 hours light and 12 hours darkness. Mortality of the larvae was monitored after every 24 hours until the death of the last larva or pupa or their emergence into adults. The experiment was replicated 5 times for each concentration. Mortality was calculated according to the formula % mortality = lOOY/Z, where Z = initial number of larvae introduced into each test beaker and Y = mean death defined by the difference between the mean test deaths and the mean control deaths. 

Social assistance (SA, Sozialhilfe), finally, provided basic income protection on a means-tested and flat-rate basis for all German inhabitants - with or without employment experience - who could not rely on sufficient resources from earned income, other social benefits or family transfers. Thus, social assistance was the major protection system for unemployed with either no employment experience or unemployment insurance/unemployment assistance claims that did not match the guaranteed minimum income. Social... 

In comparison to the unemployment assistance scheme, means-testing was harsher in the social assistance scheme moreover, any job was considered acceptable. For the labour market integration of employable social assistance recipients, a fairly rudimentary labour market policy, the Help to Work scheme, was available. It was operated by the municipalities with a considerable scope of discretion. There was no entitlement to integration measures by the PES. 

Arbeitslosenhilfe (earnings-related unemployment assistance) tax-funded, earnings-related, means-tested, infinite duration... 

Arbeitslosengeld II (UB II) tax-funded, means-tested, flat rate, after expiry of UB I (and temporary supplement), infinite duration (integration of Arbeitslosenhilfe and Sozialhilfe for people capable of working) but stronger principle of activation... 

Grundsicherung fiir Erwerbsgeminderte und im Alter (social assistance) means-tested, tax-funded for those working-age people not capable of working and for needy persons above 65 years... 

Table 3. Contribution-based and means-tested unemployment benefits (2006)...

Basic income can also be received in all cases of need where resources from work and other income are not sufficient to pass the threshold income set by law. Hence, basic income support does not only focus on registered unemployed without entitlements to unemployment insurance benefits, but also on people in school and training or in dependent employment if they pass the means test. The same holds for the self-employed. In contrast to former social assistance, UB II recipients are covered by both statutory health insurance and old-age pension insurance, which also means that the self-employed can receive health insurance coverage at a low premium under UB II. 

From these arguments it may be inferred that basic security benefits do not come under the property guarantee of Art. 14 GG. They are not based on substantial personal contributions because they are granted from tax revenues in the form of welfare benefits, irrespective of any previously paid contributions. This was confirmed by the most recent judgment of the Federal Social Court. It was made clear that eamings-related unemployment assistance could be replaced by flat-rate UB II. As both benefits are means-tested and tax-funded, the property guarantee of social insurance does not apply. 

The original idea to create joint customer centres, which was supposed to end the different treatment of recipients of unemployment insurance benefits and unemployment assistance (dealt with by BA) on the one hand and social assistance (administered by the municipalities) on the other, did not work for political reasons. A major goal of combining UA and SA benefits in one single means-tested income replacement scheme for persons who are able to work was therefore to reduce the administrative overhead inherent in the old system and to arrive... 

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