MCCPs

Materials chemistry proposals were jointly reviewed and split-funded, and in 1987 and 1988, 33 cooperative research projects were initiated. In 1989, the partnership was expanded to include the Division of Chemical and Thermal Systems (NSFs home for chemical engineering), and the program was renamed Materials Chemistry and Chemical Processing (MCCP). In 1989, 1990, and 1991, each of the three participating NSF divisions invested about three-quarters of a million dollars in additional... 

The total 5-year investment in the materials chemistry programs (MC and MCCP) was more than 18 million. That number might be considered modest, but MC-MCCP accomplished two things (1) it initiated about 60 collaborative research projects in the chemistry research community, where individualism was the overwhelming norm and (2) it established within NSF a paradigm for interdivisional cooperation in the review and funding of interdisciplinary research. 

Chlorinated paraffins are very complex mixtures and are often divided into several groups depending on the chain, length of the starting material and the amount of chlorine in the final product. Three major groups are short-, medium- and long-chained chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs, MCCPs and LCCPs). 

F.M. Christensen S.I. and Olson, Risk assessment of Short and Medium Chain Chlorinated Paraffin s (SCCP and MCCP), Technical Report, Technical University of Denmark, 2002. 

MCCP Medium chained chlorinated paraffin(s) (C14-C16-alkyl derivatives)... 

Short-chain (SCCPs), medium-chain (MCCPs), and long-chain (LCCPs) CPs all have industrial applications and similar environmental concerns. CPs are viscous, colorless or yellowish dense oils with low vapor pressures, except for those of long carbon chain length with high chlorine content (70%), which are solid. CPs are practically insoluble in water, lower alcohols, glycerol and glycols, but are soluble in chlorinated solvents, aromatic hydrocarbons, ketones, esters, ethers, mineral oils and some cutting oils. They are moderately soluble in unchlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons [1]. 

They tend to be oily liquids or waxy solids and they are toxic to wildlife, long-lasting and build up in the tissues of organisms. LCCPs are believed to be much less toxic to aquatic life than the related SCCPs and MCCPs [2]. 

SCCPs and MCCPs are a priority for risk assessment under the Council Regulation EEC 793/93 of 23 March 1993. CPs are candidates for selection, assessment and prioritisation under the OSPAR strategy and priority chemicals under the European Water Eramework Directive (WED). 

Waste during application may be disposed in landfill sites default emission factors for thermosetting resins are 0% to air and 0.1% MCCPs and LCCPs to wastewater Emission factor of 0.15%/year for MCCPs... 

Extreme pressure additive in MCCPs, LCCPs, alkyl phosphate ethers, sulphonated fatty acid... 

Additives in sealants MCCPs, LCCPs, phthalate esters... 

The hazard assessments for SCCPs and MCCPs have shown that these structurally very similar substances also have very similar hazard profiles. Both substances have a similar potency (i.e. NOAELs of the same order of magnitude) (see EU RARs on SCCPs and MCCPs) target organs in mammals include the liver, kidney and thyroid. Reth et al. [52] have measured MCCPs in two arctic bird species at concentrations somewhat exceeding the ones of SCCPs. As noted in Annex E, the risk profile can include consideration of toxicological interactions involving multiple chemicals , which in this case would be to consider the combined risk from exposure to both SCCPs and MCCPs. Therefore, the present risk profile could underestimate the risks from SCCPs in the presence of MCCPs. 

Keywords Chlorinated paraffins, Short chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs), Medium chain chlorinated paraffins (MCCPs), Analytical methods, Mass spectrometry... 

Fig. 1 Total ion chromatograms of an SCCP top panel) and MCCP bottom panel) technical mixture containing 60 and 53% Cl by weight, respectively. Separation obtained using a DB-5MS (dimension 30 m x 0.25 pm 0.25 pm stationary film thickness) capillary gas chromatography (GC) column [11, 16]...

Parera et al. (2004) were the first to compare the extraction efficiencies of SCCPs from sediment using MAE and Soxhlet and showed extraction recoveries to be comparable [29]. Using ASE, Tomy et al. (1999) found recoveries of MCCPs in the range of 79-108% in spiked sodium sulfate (a surrogate for solid samples) [16]. Marvin et al. (2003) also used ASE for extraction of SCCPs in sediment surrogate recoveries of greater than 75% were reported [20]. Nilsson et al. (2001) also applied ASE to the extraction of household waste and found greater than 90% recoveries of MCCPs [30]. 

Fig. 4 Overlay of GCxGCECNI-TOF-MS chromatograms of red SCCP, green MCCP, and blue LCCP mixtures with different chlorine content, obtained on DB-1 x007-65HT column combination. Different chlorine contents are indicated by additional contours. White numbers indicate the number of C + Cl atoms of the compounds present in the bands [50]...

Only two interlaboratory studies have been done on SCCPs and none on MCCPs or long-chain CPs (LCCPs) [62, 70]. To reduce as many steps or variables as possible, Pellizzato et al. (2009) supplied six laboratories with an industrial soil extract that was processed in a single laboratory [70], Identical synthesized standard solutions, now commercially available were use by the laboratories except one laboratory which used an -aIkane external standard. Participating laboratories were asked to quantify SCCPs in the supplied extract using an analytical technique of their choice. 

Over the last 15 years, considerable progress has been made in the analysis of CPs. Much of the analytical efforts have been invested in the analysis of SCCPs with less on MCCPs and relatively little on LCCPs. Mass spectrometric based detectors have clearly facilitated advances in this area. 

As high production volume chemicals, with a large number of industrial and consumer end product uses, CPs are inevitably released into the environment. The EU risk assessments of SCCPs [3, 5] and medium chain CPs (MCCPs) [4]... 

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