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Mathematical models, various, human

In the case of dmg interactions involving metabolic inhibition, little increase in the substrate concentration is expected when the inhibition constant (K ) determined in in vitro studies using human liver samples is larger than the inhibitor concentration in vivo. Various approaches have been adopted using mathematical models in attempts to quantitatively predict in vivo dmg interactions from in vitro data [5]. [Pg.449]

Other major early contributions of biochemical engineering have been in the development of the artificial kidney and physiologically based pharmacokinetic models. The artificial kidney has been literally a lifesaver. Pharmacokinetic models divide the body of an animal or human into various compartments that act as bioreactors. These mathematical models have been used very successfully in developing therapeutic strategies for the optimal delivery of chemotherapeutic drugs and in assessing risk from exposure to toxins. [Pg.102]

In the dose-response assessment to determine a dosage that is risk-free for human health, the JFCFA has never used mathematical models to extrapolate risks at low dose and determine a virtually safe dose, on the grounds that the lack of validation would produce very different results. However, the IFCFA could usefully address this matter in its deliberations. When progress in this area permits selection from various validated models, this exercise should no longer be solely associated with risk assessment but will also incorporate an element of risk management. [Pg.315]

From a practical viewpoint, human populations cannot be used to determine the rate of formation and clearance of markers and the influence of various factors on those rates. Therefore, most toxicokinetic studies are conducted in animal models. From detailed studies in animals, mathematical models are... [Pg.291]

In this chapter we introduce various techniques for fabricating miniature cell culture devices and cell-based biosensors, provide examples of human and animal cells immobilized on the chip devices, and explain different approaches to pattern multiple types of cells on one device. The application of nano and micro techniques in precise control over the cellular microenvironment is discussed. Selective cell-based biosensors are described later in the chapter. Finally, we conclude that these novel cell culture systems, coupled with predictions from in silico mathematical modeling, can potentially improve predictions of human clinical responses and enable better understanding of toxicological mechanisms. [Pg.696]

According to Ennis (1988), the application of the various multivariate analysis techniques (factor, cluster, discriminant analysis, multidimensional scaling) to classification in sensory analysis has been very valuable but is of little help for understanding the modes of perception. Mathematical models are proposed for predicting human sensory responses and the author concludes that they need development before they are able to improve the understanding of the complex perceptions associated with foods and beverages . [Pg.47]

For better understanding of the mass transfer mechanism in LM, mathematical modeling of mass transport has been carried out by various research groups [91]. Modeling of processes can not only be helpful for simulating the mass transfer, which helps in the optimization of process parameters with less experimental trials and less human efforts, but it can also be very useful for the knowledge of the transfer phenomena. The modeling incorporates the mathematical formulation of various steps involved in the overall mass... [Pg.802]

Mathematical models are often used in engineering to study various types of physical phenomena. Over the years, a large number of mathematical models have been developed to study human reliability and error in engineering systems [2]. Some of fhese models can also be used to study patient safety-related problems. [Pg.165]

Various types of mathematical models have been developed to perform human performance reliability analysis in the area of engineering. Some of these models can also be used in the area of patient safety to conduct human performance reliability analysis. Four of these models are presented below. [Pg.171]

One-node thermal models, in which the human body is represented by one node, are also called empirical models. They usually depend on experiments to determine the thermal response of the human body, and therefore, are not mathematical models in a phenomenological sense. A well-known empirical prediction model for the entire human body was reported by Givoni and Goldman. It was derived by fitting curves to the experimental data obtained from the subjects exposed to various environments. [Pg.202]


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