Phenomenological sense

There axe indications that in a number of systems a Butler-Volmer-type law holds in the phenomenological sense that is, the partial current seems to depend exponentially on the potential difference between the two phases. 

Charge transfers that may accompany the anomeric effect, though unmeasurable by the X-ray diffraction method, may result in changes in spectral properties of molecules. It is probably impossible to relate a given spectral property directly to the anomeric effect in its phenomenological sense. An alternative approach should then be applied, namely to relate the spectral observation to negative hyperconjugation (as the most probable cause of the anomeric effect). 

The phenomenological sense of looks is also to be found in claims about apparent shape and apparent color. It is permissible to apply looks elliptical both to an object that really is elliptical and is perpendicular to the observer s line of sight and to a round coin that is slanted away from the observer. Equally, it is permissible to apply looks dark brown both to a piece of chocolate and to a portion of a tan wall that is cloaked in shadow. 

In addition to the phenomenological sense of looks, there is also what is often called its epistemic sense. When we say that an item looks small to an observer, using looks small in this second sense, we mean that the observer s current visual experience provides adequate evidential support for the belief that the object is small. When we have this second sense in mind, we would not be willing to say that a car looks small to an observer if the car is at an appreciable distance from the observer, for when a car is at an appreciable distance from an observer, the observer s visual experience presents pictorial cues that are indicative of distance. Thus, for example, when an object stands at some distance from an observer, the features of the object seem indistinct. In a case of this sort, the observer s experience supports the belief that he/she is seeing a car of normal size, but a car that is... 

Putting the distinction between these two senses of looks to use, we can define visual qualia as characteristics that we are aware of in virtue of the ways that objects lookp to us. (Here and hereafter, I use looksp to represent the phenomenological sense of looks. ) In general, perceptual qualia can be defined as the characteristics we are aware of in virtue of the ways in which objects appear to us, where appear is used in its phenomenological sense. 

Adsorption can be classified into two types (1) the equilibrium adsorption isotherm in which the reaction process is in equilibrium, and (2) the nonequilibrium adsorption isotherm in which the reaction rate is important. Since classical thermodynamics treats only the equilibrium state, the nonequilibrium adsorption isotherm is commonly described in a phenomenological sense (cf. Appendices E.8 and E.9). 

In a phenomenological sense these general observations are now quite well established. Qualitatively, they clearly reflect the competition between the two cationic species for the common anion. This competition is aided by a small size, a high charge, and a high polarizability of the cation. 

One-node thermal models, in which the human body is represented by one node, are also called empirical models. They usually depend on experiments to determine the thermal response of the human body, and therefore, are not mathematical models in a phenomenological sense. A well-known empirical prediction model for the entire human body was reported by Givoni and Goldman. It was derived by fitting curves to the experimental data obtained from the subjects exposed to various environments. 

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