Materials comparison

The technical service departments of paint manufacturers are a valuable source of free information on their own products. For independent advice on new materials, comparison between materials, specifications not tied to proprietary types and failure investigations, there are consultants and test laboratories that will generally assist on a fee-paying basis. 

The aim of the next stage of the work was to study the possibility of the realization of structures that would exhibit single-electron phenomena by forming the nanoparticles with the same technique but from different materials. Comparison of the properties of such structures with those built up with CdS particles will make clearer the role of a material s characteristics on the final properties of the structure. 

Rossbach M, Ostapczuk P, Emons H (1998) Microhomogeneity of candidate reference materials Comparison of solid sampling Zeeman-AAS with INAA. Fresenius J Anal Chem 360 380-383. Rossbach M, Stoeppler M (1987) Use of CRMs as mutual calibration materials and control of synthetic multielement standards as used in INAA. J Radioanal Nud Chem Artides 113 217-223. Sargent M (1995) Development and application of a protocol for quality assurance of trace analysis. Anal Proc 32 71-76. 

Another application of carbon isotopes in foraminifera is to distinguish distinct water masses and to trace deep water circulation (Bender and Keigwin 1979 Duplessy et al. 1988). Since dissolved carbonate in the deeper waters becomes iso-topically lighter with time and depths in the area of their formation due to the increasing oxidation of organic material, comparison of sites of similar paleodepth in different areas can be used to trace the circulation of deep waters as they move from their sources. Such a reconstruction can be carried out by analyzing 8 C-values of well-dated foraminifera. 

The authors determined the mechanical properties of the excipients in this manuscript at or near 0.85 SF except for dicalcium phosphate (DCP). The low SF that could be achieved with DCP ( 0.6) demonstrates that its compressibility was less than the compressibility of the other materials and that relevant comparisons to them could not be easily made. When the SF difference between materials is 0.03 or less, property differences due to SF are normally relatively small and comparisons can be made with confidence, but when the SF difference is greater than 0.03, a meaningful material comparison becomes more difficult to achieve. In that situation, material comparisons using only general qualitative statements are appropriate. The latter scenario was the case with DCP, and this has been discussed in the section Calcium Phosphate Dibasic. In the discussions that follow, excipient mechanical properties were determined at a SF of 0.85 unless otherwise noted. 

It would be helpful to our engineers in making material comparisons if direct comparisons of properties could be made from one thermoplastic to another. 

Key words Traceability chain Metrology in chemistry Reference material Comparisons values of standards... 

The behaviour of particle- and whisker-reinforced CMCs under conditions of thermal shock can be modelled successfully using the fracture mechanics methods outlined in the previous paragraph (e.g. Aldridge and Yeomans, 2001) while the thermal shock parameters (figures-of-merit) can also be useful for initial material comparison. 

Fig. 8.20. (a) Age-dependent rate of utilisation of periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) positive material a (t) in oncospheres of Hymenolepis diminuta incubated in Tyrode+glucose at 25 C. Solid line represents the best fit for exponential model o(r)/S exp yt, where 0=0.3822 and y = - 0.3259. Dots, observed points. (b) Time-dependent loss of PAS positive material. Comparison of observed and predicted results. Solid line, predicted results dots, observed results. (After Anderson Lethbridge, 1975.)... 

Bradley J. P., Snow T. P., Brownlee D. E., and Manner M. S. (1999b) Mg-rich olivine and pyroxene grains in primitive meteoritic materials comparison with crystalline silicate data from ISO. In Solid Interstellar Matter The ISO Revolution, Les Mouches No. 11 (eds. L. d Mendecourt, C. Joblin, and A. Jones). EDP Sciences, Les Ullis, pp. 297-315. 

Indeed, as obvious from both exemples given in Fig. 2, the transition could thus be determined accurately within 0.1-0.2 decades of test speeds with few samples in a relative short time frame. Moreover, as the apparent values (Kimax) are always lower than the effective parameters (Keff), none of the material descriptor would be overestimated. In addition, since Kjmax-values have been shown to provide a semi-quantitative evaluation (in terms of test speed or temperature) of fracture resistance parameters, a coherent material comparison would be possible over the whole investigated range. This remark remains true as long as the grades have similar rp. For iPP grades, it should be checked (and considered with more caution) when materials exhibit different particle and matrix melt flow rates, or different crystalline structures. It should also be investigated in detail when different polymer families (ABS versus HIPS or rubber modified iPP) are compared. 

Bilbao R Murillo M.B.. Millera A.. Mastral J.F. (1991). Thermal Decomposition of Lignocellulosic Materials Comparison of the Results obtained in Different Experimental Systems, Thermocbimica Acta, 190, 163-173,... 

Freitag F, Kleinebudde P. How do roll compaction / dry granulation affect the tabletting behaviour of inorganic materials Comparison of four magnesium carbonates. Eur Pharm Set 2003 19 281-289. 

G. Garberoglio, A.I. Skoulidas, and J.K. Johnson, Adsorption of Gases in Metal Organic Materials Comparison of Simulations and Experiments. J. Phys. Chem. B, 2005, 109, 13094-13103. 

Material comparison standards, which are usually samples of the materials imder examirration and provide limiting or target values. 

Chloride was very mobile sodium, ammonium, potassium, and magnesium were moderately mobile and zinc, cadmium, iron and in most cases also manganese were only partly mobile. In particular, the heavy metals zinc and cadmium showed very restricted mobility in the anaerobic zone of even very coarse aquifer materials. Comparison of inorganic groundwater... 

Reproducibility. This is the precision of the procedure when it is carried out under different conditions—usually in different laboratories—on separate, putatively identical samples taken from the same homogeneous batch of material. Comparisons of results obtained by different analysts, by the use of different equipment or by carrying out the analysis at different times can also provide valuable information. 

Brown, A.A., Ottaway, J.M. and Fell, G.S. (1982). Determination of selenium in biological material comparison of three atomic spectrometric methods. Anal. Proc., June, 321. 

The pp feature. The pps state is believed to be responsible for the "mystery peak found at 9.5 eV in the UPS. Although some earlier reports suggested that this feature might result from impurities such as carbon on the surface ( ), more recent single crystal data (H) as well as sintered powder data (22) (Figure lb) indicate that it is intrinsic to the material. Comparison of the UPS (15,16) in Figure 1 for photon energies of 74 and 21 eV indicates that such a feature also appears for CuO. Thus this feature is not unique to the HTSC s. It does not appear for CutO, as expected since UPS reflects the one-hole DOS in CutO. 

Recovery and Its Uncertainty. The trueness of the method must be considered in the calculation of the uncertainty estimate to cover uncertainties due to method bias. Barwick and Ellison describe several possibilities for estimating uncertainty related to trueness, including the use of data from the analysis of a representative certified reference material, comparison with a reference or standard method, and spiking recovery studies. Since no representative certified reference material was available for this analyte-matrix combination, the trueness was estimated using spiking studies. As stated in the previous section, the spiked samples in this example were assumed to be representative of the incurred tissue. 

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