Comparison of values

Plausibility Analysis A comparison of values for process variables that allows faults in the measurement channels of the safety system to be recognized while the process is still in its normal operating range. 

Two simple invariants, U, and U5, were shown in the previous subsubsection to be the basic indicators of average laminate stiffnesses. For isotropic materials, these invariants reduce to U. =Qi. and U5 = Qqq, the extensional stiffness and shear stiffness. Accordingly, Tsai and Pagano suggested the orthotopic invariants U., and U5 be called the isotropic stiffness and isotropic shear rigidity, respectively [7-16 and 7-17]. They observed that these isotropic properties are a realistic measure of the minimum stiffness capability of composite laminates. These isotropic properties can be compared directly to properties of isotropic materials as well as to properties of other orthotropic laminates. Obviously, the comparison criterion is more complex than for isotropic materials because now we have two measures, and U5, instead of the usual isotropic stiffness or E. Comparison of values of U., alone is not fair because of the degrading influence of the usually low values of U5 for composite materials. 

A comparison of values of yield stress for filled polymers of the same nature but of different molecular weights is of fundamental interest. An example of experimental results very clearly answering the question about the role of molecular weight is given in Fig. 9, where the concentration dependences of yield stress are presented for two filled poly(isobutilene)s with the viscosity differing by more than 103 times. As is seen, a difference between molecular weights and, as a result, a vast difference in the viscosity of a polymer, do not affect the values of yield stress. 

Table 12.1. Comparison of values of calculated from equation 12.67 with those given by the universal velocity profile...

Figure 8. Comparison of values for chain transfer to MM A as tabulated and found in this work (x) (-) linear least squares for (O) (-) for (X)...

Here M is the total mass of the spherical Earth and a its radius. Comparison of values of 7 and 1 is useful for understanding general features of the density distribution inside the earth s surface. In order to find 7 we have to know A and C. The parameter J20 establishes one relationship between them the other is obtained from astronomy and it gives... 

XPS also yields chemical information directly. Eor instance, if an element in a sample exists in different valence states, the XPS peak may broaden and show a shoulder. It is possible to deconvolute the peaks and determine valence states and the relative amount of each state in the sample. It is important to do this type of work by comparison of values of standard reference compounds. 

The value Df characterizes reagents (methylbenzoata and heptanole-1) and the final product of reesterification reaction (heptylbenzoate) structure. It is found, that Df variation makes 1,48-1,96. In figure 2 the comparison of value a, calculated according to the equations (9) and (12), as the function of D, is adduced. As it is expected, a increase at Df reduction is observed and also a good correspondence of calculation according to the two mentioned equations. This means, that the value a and, hence, reaction active time f. is defined by reagents structure in the reesterification reaction process. 

A comparison of the imprecision of two methods may assist in the choice of one for routine use. Statistical comparison of values for the standard deviation using the F test (Procedure 1.2) may be used to compare not only different methods but also the results from different analysts or laboratories. Some caution has to be exercised in the interpretation of statistical data and particularly in such tests of significance. Although some statistical tests are outlined in this book, anyone intending to use them is strongly recommended to read an appropriate text on the subject. 

The main significance of being able to calculate or to measure AG values is that we are then able to make predictions about reactions and in particular identify which reactions are likely to be control points in pathways. The absolute numerical value of the actual change in free energy (AG ) is dependant upon the actual concentrations of the reactant(s) and product(s) involved in the reaction. Comparisons of values for different reactions are meaningless unless they have been determined under identical and standardized experimental conditions. The term standard free energy (symbol AG°) is used to specify just such conditions. 

The trans effects on rr-acceptor ligands in Fe11 and Ru11 porphyrins are compiled in Table 14 and behave as expected according to transmission paths D or E (Fig. 1). Some deviations may be caused by comparison of values from different sources. The only notable features are the abnormally low values of the CO-stretching frequencies found in the sodium salt of a thiolatoiron(II)carbonyl, Na[Fe(TpivPP)CO(SMe)] (Series e, 120), and in the porphodimethene complex, Fe(OEPMe2)CO(l-MeIm) ([54] ... 

NaCl being smaller than the best precision. Values of these parameters obtained from fits of data with Radiatom I, with the corresponding reduced standard deviations of the respective fits are presented in table 6 all parameters therein convey the same significance as in preceding tables 1-3. Comparison of values of the same parameters in the separate fits indicates that only small changes occur hence for corresponding parameters these fits are reasonably stable. Because the... 

Tipker, J., Groen, C.P., Van Den Bergh-Swart, J.K., and Van Den Berg, J.H.M. Contribution of electronic effects to the lipo-philicity determined by comparison of values of log Pobtained by high-performance liquid chromatography and calculation, / Chromatogr. A, 452 227-239, 1988. 

Table 12-2 Comparison of Values of Benzoic Acid to Para-Substituted Benzoic Acids ...

The electrochemistry of Re and Tc complexes is frequently compared. Rhenium compounds are more difhcult to reduce in a given oxidation state. Comparison of values from Table 1 of Sect. 16.2 and Table 1 of Sect. 16.3 at identical ligand composition indicates that Re potentials are 0.2-0.6V more negative than those ofTc, with the smaller differences occurring more frequently in the lower oxidation states. Lever constructed an electrochemical parameterization scheme on the basis of the ligand additivity principles for 119 Re redox couples [37]. The results are shown in Fig. 4. The lines for the Re / , Re / , and Re / couples are not as cleanly parallel as they are for Tc v/ Tc / , and Tc / (Fig. 2 of Sect. 16.2). Moreover, two lines are apparent for... 

Comparison of / values obtained for various substrates under similar conditions gives some information on the relative reactivities of these substrates toward singlet oxygen (to which weshallfurther refer only as oxygen ), since ka remains unchanged and the fi values, therefore, reflect only the change of kg as a function of the nature of the substrate. 

Comparison of Values of Molecular Weight Obtained by Different Treatments... 

Table 7.1 Comparison of values of kcalfor the hydrolysis of substrates by ot-chymotrypsin at pH 7.0 and 26°C ...

There are several important points that need to be stressed. First, the estimation of discoloration in meat by measurement of percent metmyoglobin is useful in a relative sense only. Proper control samples (i.e., nontreated samples subjected to identical conditions, dilutions, and analyses, as treated samples) must be in place, and color measurement must occur in the same manner with both control and treated samples. Additionally, comparisons of values for percent metmyoglobin between different laboratories are only valid when investigators use the same measurement procedure. The use of three different formulas (i.e., from three different procedures) will yield different values for percent metmyoglobin. Again, it is the relative differences between treatments, or the changes over time, that become important, and... 

We will return to a comparison of values of these equilibrium constants for different carbocations, but first pursue pKA and p fR for the benzenonium ion. In azide buffers this cation reveals no trapping by azide ion. This poses the problems, how do we (a) find a value of kp to combine with kA to obtain pKA and (b) determine p h2o to derive p fR We consider first p h2o and then kp. 

Directly by a controlled comparison of values from measurements on a sample with certified values for identical entities in closely similar RMs9, or... 

Whereas type A and B uncertainty components [6] are almost always added by root-mean-square additions, there are circumstances under which direct additions of uncertainties from dependent error sources are preferable. When protocols use such direct additions of uncertainties, these conditions should be clearly explained in the protocol. That information is needed for a fair inter-laboratory comparison of values and uncertainties of measurements on the same material. 

Turbidity measurement usually directly relates the forementioned value in a sample to another value in a RM by a controlled comparison of values, or indirectly through an instrument calibration established for values for identical entities in similar RMs. This measurement is characterized, in part, by an observed repeatability and invariably by an estimated uncertainty - the sole indication of the quality for each link. The final link is made to a turbidity unit in an internationally recognized scale. 

A traceability chain is a chain of comparisons of values to a commonly accepted value. 

Values of TAC found for blood plasma or serum of some animal species are given in Table 9 and Fig. 8. Comparison of values for several species of mammals... 

Note Species name, phylum or division, common name, and concentration of total MAAs ([MAA], in nmol mg-1 protein) are indicated. Notes describe whether samples are from a whole organism or specific tissues, and value indicates if data are from a single measurement, a maximum value from several samples (max), or a maximum mean value (mean) reported. See text Section II.A.6 for an explanation of how rankings were determined. The comparison of values from different research laboratories may be somewhat problematic as there are currently no commercial standards available for MAAs and calibration of instruments is achieved by a variety of means. 

The intermediate length (tube diameter) 2 can be estimated from the modulus with the aid of the above equations. Comparison of values of the intermediate length found from dynamic modulus and from neutron-scattering experiments was presented by Ewen and Richter (1995). They found the values to be close to each other, though there is a difference in the temperature dependence of the values of intermediate length found by different methods. 

Figure 7.23 Applications of the NMR-MOUSE to elastomer materials (a) T2 values for a curing series of carbon-black filled NR. Comparison of values obtained at high homogeneous field (DMX 300) and with the NMR-MOUSE, (b) cross-link series of unfilled SBR with different sulfur content, (c) T2 versus glass-transition temperature Tg of unfilled SBR by the CPMG and the steady-state CPMG methods, (d) normalized Hahn-echo decay curves for poly(butadiene) latex samples. Different decay rates are obtained for small medium and large cross-link densities...

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