Material Collection and Preparation

A large number of considerations and factors must be entertained for the conception, development, preparation, assessment, characterization, and certification of RMs, including (a) end use requirements, (b) selection of materials, (c) preparation, (d) physical characterization, (e) chemical characterization, (f) certification, (g) documentation, and (h) distribution. Most of these have an overwhelming impact on the finally developed RM and on its credibility. This section deals with the steps, collectively denoted as collection and preparation, occurring early in the scheme of RM development. It treats general collection and preparation principles, and provides specific examples of preparative procedures. 

1) Contribution No. 2069 from Pacific Agri-Food Research Centre - Summerland 

Animal bone, ground whole carp, cod muscle, tuna, dogfish liver 

Chlorella, aquatic plant, grass, hay, spruce twigs and needles, olive leaves, peach leaves, tobacco leaves Bovine muscle, bovine liver, pig kidney, milk powder, cereals, single cell protein, butterfat, fish oil, animal feed-stuffs, textiles 

Whole blood, blood serum. Urine, human hair, blood 

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Fig. 2.1 Flowchart of general reference material collection and preparation steps...

J Material Collection and Preparation 27 Tab. 2.3 Examples of publications describing preparation of RMs... 

Ihnat M (2001a) Material collection and preparation. In Stoeppler M, Wolf WR and Jenks PJ, eds. Reference Materials For Chemical Analysis -Certification, Availability and Proper Usage, pp. 20-30 (refs pp. 43-48). Wiley-VCH, Wein-heim. 

In preparing this textbook, I have tried to find a more appropriate balance between theory and practice, between classical and modern methods of analysis, between analyzing samples and collecting and preparing samples for analysis, and between analytical methods and data analysis. Clearly, the amount of material in this textbook exceeds what can be covered in a single semester it s my hope, however, that the diversity of topics will meet the needs of different instructors, while, perhaps, suggesting some new topics to cover. 

Versieck j, Hoste j, Vanballenberghe L, De Kesel A, Van Renterghem DJ (1987) Collection and preparation of a second generation biological reference material for trace element analysis. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 113 299-304. 

Other natural materials with expected intrinsic homogeneity properties that could be produced as CRMs include fractionated aerosols, conifer pollen, egg yolk or albumen, plankton of defined origin and size, and certain sediments. However, there are particular problems related to the collection and preparation, of large enough quantities of such matrices for their preparation as RMs. RM producers might initiate research and development to provide technical solutions to handle some of these problems. 

The optimal size for a portion of a trace metal reference material is 1L, so large volumes (greater than 1000 L) must be collected and prepared, which is feasible given currently available Teflon storage containers, sampling systems, and pumps. More experience is required, however, in collecting large volumes of uncontaminated water. 

Sample collection and preparation covers in vitro and in vivo studies, and the later involves humans or model animals. In this field the samples can be materials with very different characteristics and features. From an analytical point of view, samples could be divided into two categories liquid samples and... 

From the data management perspective, the clinical data coordinator (CDC) is the central team member receiving and distributing data-related information to the project team members. The CDC meets with the project team members to review the project material collected and to elicit the rules and special requirements from the statistician, clinician, safety officer, medical writer and regulatory associates. These project materials, rules and special requirements will be considered in conjunction with data management requirements to develop the data management plan. The CDC should prepare the following documents before the clinical trials are initiated ... 

Easy to Administer. A good test should be easy to administer so definite provision be made for collection and preparation of test material. It should give simple, clear and precise instructions. 

In the analysis of manganese in environmental and biological samples, cleanliness is essential in order to prevent contamination. Cleanliness is also necessary for sample collection and preparation. Since manganese is a component of steel (ferromanganese), the samples must avoid contact with stainless steel hence plastic is the preferred material for utensils and containers in the collection, preparation and analysis of manganese (Leach and Harris... 

The collection and preparation of the sediment reference material (CRM 601) was carried out by the EC Joint Research Centre in Ispra (Italy) and the Universidad de Barcelona (Spain). 

ASTM. 2011a. Method of Sampling and Fineness Test of Pulverized Coal (ASTM D197). Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Section 05.05. American Society for Testing and Materials, West Conshohocken, PA. ASTM. 2011b. Practice for Collection and Preparation of Coke Samples for Laboratory Analysis (ASTM D346). Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Section 05.05. American Society for Testing and Materials. West Conshohocken, PA. 

Nonwoven technologies that employ machinery and processing principles traditionally used to manufacture textile, paper, or extmded materials, when viewed collectively, form what may be termed the primary or basic nonwoven fabric manufacturing systems. These systems are or can be continuous processes. Common to each of these systems are four sequential phases fiber selection and preparation, web formation, bonding, and finishing. 

Preparation of Collected Materials. The actual amount of recovered MSW that can be recycled to meet buyers quaUty specifications is highly dependent upon how the material is collected and processed. There are primarily three methods available to collect MSW for recycling mixed waste, waste with commingled recyclables, or waste with separated recyclables. Which method of collection is chosen, in turn, determines the amount of preparation that is needed prior to reclamation and reuse. 

Gourd or Calabash Curare. This type, exported in small gourds, is said to be made from Strychnos toxifera Schomb., and this was confirmed by King, who isolated from botanically authenticated material collected in British Guiana, an amorphous, quaternary alkaloid indistinguishable from curarine prepared from gourd curare, and Wieland et al. have isolated from this species alkaloids which they have also found in this type of curare. Other Strychnos spp. from the same territory examined by King contained alkaloids, but not of the curarine type. 

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