Material benefits

PPE particles are dispersed into a matrix of polypropylene via a patented alloying technology resulting in a material benefiting from ... 

Table 1. Microreactor Material Benefits and Drawbacks (Adapted from refs 17 and 18)...

One might consider that science progresses in three phase (1) fundamental observation and exploration to establish the basic rules, (2) manipulation of what has been understood, and (3) exploitation of the fundamental observation toward material benefits. All three are important ingredients for the sustenance and growth of science. In this volume we have attempted to illustrate this process of... 

When considering commercialization, it has to be taken into account that most of the catalysts comprise metals that vary in toxicity. These compounds have either to be removed from the material after S3mthesis, which is very expensive and thus compensates raw material benefits, or when they remain in the compounded product, the necessary regulations must be adhered to, which permit very low metal concentrations. Thus extremely active catalytic species are required. 

Donor ions have been somewhat neglected and one reason may be that the considerably smaller ionization energies reduce the importance of having full activation of implanted donor atoms research has therefore been concentrated on the acceptors. Another reason may also be that many of the expected SiC bipolar power-device applications require a thick low-doped n-type drift region grown by CVD in combination with a p-type emitter preferably manufactured by implantation. However, many transistor applications and also contacts to n-type material benefit from... 

Inappropriate financial benefits or material benefits, including inappropriate hospitality, should not be offered to healthcare professionals to influence them in the prescription of pharmaceutical products. 

Selfishness Physicians have a duty to act in the best interests of their patients. Pharmaceutical companies have a duty not only to their shareholders, but also to the community at large. To fulfill their duty to the community, pharmaceutical companies must operate within the confines of socially acceptable behavior or risk loss of reputation, public boycotts, or legislative action. Socially unacceptable behavior by a company can ultimately lead to loss of business and become a failure in its duty to its shareholders. Both the physicians and the pharmaceutical companies or their employees must not compromise these public duties in order to gain financial or other material benefits for themselves, their families or their friends. 

Drnevich J. M., Papke R. S., Rauser C. L. and Rutowki R. L. (2001) Material benefits from multiple mating in female mealworm beetles (Tenebrio molitor L.). J. Insect Behav. 14, 215-230. 

Humankind has continually developed and progressed over the centuries, and nowhere is this more evident than in recent modem history. The past few decades have demonstrated man s dependency on chemical and pharmaceutical products to achieve both material benefit and health. Indeed, the assimilation of chemicals into our daily activities (e.g., cleaning, washing, gardening, preparing of food and beverages) and maintenance has become commonplace. One may even state that today we are a chemical society ... 

Other studies have given support to these managerial characteristics and further emphasised that creativity amongst scientific personnel is more likely in teams where there is a favourable relationship with the Manager [A-16]. This is important in producing the very valuable, non-material benefits that are fisted below. 

Science has great intrinsic value—because through new science, we better understand the universe and our place in it. As such, it should compete quite well with other disciplines for funding. However, that is not why we spend over 2.5% of our GNP on scientific research. We spend at that level because in addition to its intrinsic value, new science provides the basis of those material benefits which constitute our standard of living. 

As is evident in Fig. 2, the ethylene content and the MW of EPTM do not influence the grafting efficiency, even thou] the impact strength of the resulting material benefits by EPTMs high ethylene content and high MW These experimental observations agree with the assumption that the grafting reaction occurs, essentially, under the conditions adopted, on the termonomer units inserted in EPTM chains. 

In a cohort study of 552 patients with acute renal insufficiency studied from 1989 to 1995 diuretic use was associated with a significant increase in the risk of death or non-recovery of renal function (33). This increased risk was largely borne by patients who were relatively unresponsive to diuretics. Although this study was observational, which prohibits causal inference, it is unlikely that diuretics afford any material benefit in the setting of acute renal insufficiency. 

As with the development of new catalysts, effective new materials benefit from a thorough understanding of structure/property relationships. This involves multiscale modeling and experimental efforts in surface science, including morphology. Enabling the use of new materials will also require extensive development of new nano- and microfabrication techniques, including biodirected or self-assembly syntheses. 

Gaston Plante never protected his inventions by patents and showed no interest in obtaining material benefits from them. He refused all kinds of privileges. Being a widely recognized scientist, when invited to run for Member of the French Academy of Sciences, he declined the offer saying that he would lose much time in preparation for the election and would rather prefer to spend this time working in his laboratory. 

Science as a methodical investigation of nature s capacities evolved from the humble craft tradition. Its goal is to provide the most general and the simplest possible description of the observable character of nature. In the past, the singular concept of science comprised aU aspects of intellectual endeavor the arts, the sciences, and the crafts. It was Diderot s Encyclopedic ou Dictionnaire Raisonne des Sciences, des Arts et des Mitiers of 1751-1766 that first divided the old science into these three parts. The next split - that between the basic and applied sciences - is barely a century old. Basic science has been described as motivated by the desire to discover connections between natural phenomena, while applied science is the application of the discovered laws of nature for the material benefits of mankind. The boundary between the two is not rigid since experimental observation frequently provides a spur to fundamental discoveries. 

Many materials benefit from analysis at cryogenic temperatures. At 77 K, enhanced fluorescence and phosphorescence are seen, and low-temperature studies are used for elucidation of the mechanisms of photochemical reactions, characterizing bandgap changes in semiconductors and other applications. 

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