Mass spectroscopy fundamentals

R. B. Cole, Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectroscopy - Fundamentals Instrumentation and Applications , Wiley, New York, 1997. 

Fourier transform methods have revolutionized many fields in physics and chemistry, and applications of the technique are to be found in such diverse areas as radio astronomy [52], nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy [53], mass spectroscopy [54], and optical absorption/emission spectroscopy from the far-infrared to the ultraviolet [55-57]. These applications are reviewed in several excellent sources [1, 54,58], and this section simply aims to describe the fundamental principles of FTIR spectroscopy. A more theoretical development of Fourier transform techniques is given in several texts [59-61], and the interested reader is referred to these for details. 

Asea Brown Boveri Technical Bulletin SC7-12-1092 (1993). Fundamentals of mass spectroscopy. 

However, data from correlative methods must not be confused with more fundamental measurements obtained by chromatography or mass spectroscopy. Correlative methods can be extremely useful when used to follow changes in a hydrocarbon mixture during processing. They are less reliable when comparing materials of different origin and can be very misleading when applied to typical or unusual compositions. 

At the National Institute of Chemieal Physies and Biophysics (NICPB), Laboratory of Chemical Physics the research activities range from studying fundamental aspects to applications. Strong emphasis is given to the deployment of modem physical methods in chemistry and biochemistry, which include principles of mass-spectroscopy and ion-cyclotron resonance environmental analyses and theoretical and experimental particle physics. 

National Institute of Standards and Technology — Under its Standard Reference Data program, NIST supports a number of data centers in chemistry, physics, and materials science. Topics covered include thermodynamics, fluid properties, chemical kinetics, mass spectroscopy, atomic spectroscopy, fundamental physical constants, ceramics, and crystallography. Address Office of Standard Reference Data, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 [www.nist.gov/srd/]. 

Related to the Surface Science approach to catalysis is the use of molecular beam techniques . With Mass Spectroscopy and other detection techniques the reactivity of small metal particles effusing into a vacuum is studied. Again reaction conditions are well defined, but the temperature is close to zero Kelvin. This approach enables the study of chemical reactivity 2ls a function of particle size. Knowledge on the reactivity of isolated particles is relevant especially for theoretical studies since these data refer to well-defined particles without interaction with a support. Theoretical studies can be conveniently done with isolated small clusters. As with surface science studies, molecular beam experiments are fundamental to the study of elementary reactions as a function of surface or particle structure. We will frequently refer to data collected by these approaches. 

Lycorine (I R, Ri = H) is the most abundant alkaloid in the Amaryl-lidaceae. Classic chemical degradations elucidated the fundamental carbon skeleton and the positions of most functional groups within this nucleus. More subtle problems associated with the position of olefinic unsaturation and the relative and absolute configuration of the alkaloids have been examined by modern chemical and instrumental methods. Simultaneously, fundamental research in NMR-, CD-, ORD, and mass-spectroscopy has been furthered by the ready accessibility of this series of closely related compounds. 

Fundamentals. Mass spectroscopy of species showing only low vapour pressures has been made possible using electrospray ionization coupled with a mass selector and detector [836, 837]. The liquid to be analysed is pumped through a capillary... 

Fundamentals. Mass spectroscopy of species released from a suitable electrode by anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV) can be detected online by moving the electrolyte solution from the electrode into the ionization chamber of an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. In the electrically generated plasma with a temperature of several thousand Kelvin, both metals and nonmetals are simply ionized. Using ASV, both preconcentration of the species to be measured (mostly heavy ions like Cd + or Cu +) and removal over other interfering cations can be afforded [857]. 

In a series of studies Bickelhaupt et al. [64, 87, 88] investigated base-induced elimination reactions experimentally with Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance (FT-ICR) mass spectroscopy and theoretically with DF calculations. They applied the computational scheme of Baerends et al. [5], using the gradient corrections of Becke [89] for the exchange potential. They studied the fundamental class of reactions... 

Muizebelt WJ, Donkerbroek JJ Nielsen MWF, Hussem JB, Biedmond MEF, Klaasen RP, Zabel KH (1998) Oxidative crosslinking of alkyd resins studied with mass spectroscopy and NMR using model compounds. J Coating Techn 70(876) 83-92 Munson BR, Young DF, Okiishi TH (2005) Fundamentals of fluid mechanics. Wiley, New brk... 

Comisarow, M.B. Marshall, A.G. Theory of Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectroscopy. 1. Fundamental Equations and Low-Pressure Line Shape. J. Chem. Phys. 1976, 64, 110-119. 

In the past decades, a significant number of fundamental investigations have been carried out in the field of low-temperature electrooxidation of small organic molecules [14-38]. Electrochemical studies have been carried out in combination with spectroscopy [21,27,28], mass spectroscopy [25,31], physio-chemical tools [20,30], as well as theoretical calculations (e.g., DFT) [38] in order to examine the adsorbed species and reactive intermediates on the electrode surface during the alcohol oxidation, and thus to elucidate the alcohol reaction pathways. 

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