Martin, Charles

Inventors Timlin Harold A Martin Charles J Telecommunications, France ... 

Polymers and polymerization—Congresses. I. Bergbreiter, David E. II. Martin, Charles R. III. lUCCP Symposium on Functional Polymers (6th 1988 College Station, Tex.)... 

Jouni Vesa, Vincent Caiozzo, Douglas Wallace, Barbara Martin, Charles Smith, and Giles D. Watts ... 

Charles L. Brooks III, B. Montgomery Pettitt, and Martin Karplus. Structural and energetic effects of truncating long ranged interactions in ionic and polar fluids. J. Chem. Phys., 83(ll) 5897-5908, December 1985. 

We gratefully acknowledge the comments and suggestions submitted by the following companies and peer reviewers Henry Blunt (Shell Oil) Arthur F. Burk (DuPont) Charles Dancer (Allied Signal) J. A. Hoffmeister (Martin Marietta Energy Systems) Robert Ormsby (Air Products and Chemicals) Duane Sanderson (3M) Anthony A. Thompson (Monsanto) and Guy Van Cleve (Petrocon). 

In 1885, Charles Martin Hall invented his aluminum process and Hamilton Young Castner in 1890 developed the mercury-type alkali-chlorine cell, which produced caustic (sodium hydroxide) in its purest form. Edward G. Acheson in 1891, while attempting to make diamonds in an electric furnace, produced silicon carbide, the first synthetic abrasive, second to diamond in hardness. Four years later, Jacobs melted aluminum oxide to make a superior emeiy cloth. Within two decades, these two abrasives had displaced most natural cutting materials, including naturally occurring mixtures of aluminum and iron oxides. 

Departments of Pathology, Charles R. Drew Postgraduate Medical School, University of Southern California School of Medicine and Los Angeles County/Martin Luther King, Jr. General Hospital, Los Angeles, Calif. 90059... 

Gillespie, Charles C., ed. Dictionary of scientific biography. New York Charles Scribner s Sons, 1976. S.v. "Zosimos of Panopolis," by Martin Plessner. 

Mahurin, Paul A. Jerabek, J. Arturo Silva, J. Janet L. Tekell, Charles C. Martin, Jack L. Lancaster and Peter T. Fox, Reciprocal Limbic-Cortical Function and Negative Mood Converging Pet Findings in Depression and Normal Sadness , American Journal of Psychiatry 156 (1999) 675-82... 

Pharmaceutical Extrusion Technology, edited by Isaac Ghebre-Sellas-sie and Charles Martin... 

We thank David I. K. Martin for ongoing support of this work. Research in the authors lab is supported by grants from the National Health and Medical Research Council, the Australian Research Council, the Sylvia Charles Viertel Charitable Foundation, and by the Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute. 

Charles C. Price Norman Rabjohn John D. Roberts Gabriel Saucy Dieter Seebach Martin F. Semmelhack Ralph L. Shriner Bruce E. Smart H. R. Snyder Edwin Vedejs James D. White Kenneth B. Wiberg Ekkehard Winterfeldt Peter Yates... 

Be wary of choosing a famous person as an influence. The admissions officers have read many essays about Martin Luther King, Mother Theresa, and Charles Lindbergh. If you write about a famous person, you need to get highly creative in your explanation of how he or she influenced you. Successful essays on this topic typically center on someone known personally to the... 

The Paris school included Robert Lespieau (18641947), Georges Dupont (18841958), Charles Prevost (18991983), and Albert Kirrmann (19001974). Principal figures in the London-Manchester school were Arthur Lapworth (18721941), Thomas Martin Lowry (18741936), Robert Robinson (18861975), Jocelyn Thorpe (18721940), and Christopher Ingold (18931970). A broadly defined German research school pursuing ionic and electronic theories of reaction mechanisms in organic chemistry does not enter into this history, because it did not exist. 

CHARLES R. MARTIN Colorado State University, Ft. Collins, Colorado... 

This picture changed in the 1886 when an American chemist, Charles Martin Hall (1863— 1914), and a French chemist, Paul Louis-Toussaint Heroult (1863—1914), both discovered, at about the same time, a new process for extracting aluminum from molten aluminum oxide by electrolysis. (It might be noted that both discoverers have the same birth and death dates as well as the same date of discovery.) Hall was inspired by his teacher to find a way to inexpensively produce aluminum metal. He wired together numerous wet cells to form a battery that produced enough electricity to separate the aluminum from the melted aluminum oxide (mixed with the minerals cryolyte or fluorite), by the process known as electrolysis. Hall formed the Pittsburgh Reduction Co., which is now known as the Aluminum Company of America, or Alcoa. His company produced so much aluminum that the price dropped to about sixty cents per kilogram. 

Charles Hatchett analyzed magnetic pyrite and stated that the discovery of iron in pyrite is comparatively recent. According to Henckel, said he, this was first noticed by our countryman Martin Lister, a member of this learned Society [the Royal Society]. .. (182). 

When the Abbe Hauy pointed out the close similarity and probable identity of beryl and the emerald, Vauquelin analyzed them carefully, and found in 1798 that they are indeed identical, and that they contain a new earth, which he named glucina, but which is now known as beryllia The metal was isolated thirty years later by Wohler and Bussy independently. Boron was isolated in 1808 by Gay-Lussac and Thenard in France and by Davy in England by reduction of boric acid with potassium. Although amorphous silicon was prepared by Berzelius in 1824, the crystalline form of it was not obtained until about thirty years later, when Henri Sainte-Clarie DeviUe prepared it by an electrolytic method Aluminum was isolated in 1825 by the Danish physicist, Oersted, and two years later Wohler prepared it by a better method. Successful commercial processes for the manufacture of this important metal were perfected by Henri Sainte-Claiie Deville, by Charles Martin Hall, and by Dr. Paul L. T. Heroult. 

The next scene of the aluminum drama is laid in the United States. Henri Sainte-Claire Deville s process had made the metal a commercial product, but it was still expensive. Charles Martin Hall, a student at Oberlin College, inspired by the accounts which Professor F. F. Jewett had given of his studies under Wohler, decided that his supreme aim in life would be to devise a cheap method for making aluminum. In an improvised laboratory in the woodshed, and with homemade batteries, he struggled with this problem. On February 23,1886, this boy of twenty-one years rushed into his professors office and held out to him a handful of aluminum buttons. Since these buttons led to a highly successful electrolytic process for manufacturing aluminum, it is small wonder that the Aluminum Company of America now treasures them and refers to them affectionately as the crown jewels A beautiful statue of the youthful Charles M. Hall, cast in aluminum, may now he seen at Oberlin College (11, 55). 

Charles Martin Hall, 1863-1914. American chemist, inventor, metallurgist, and philanthropist who developed a highly successful electrolytic process for manufacturing aluminum. This cheap method of obtaining the metal from its ores made possible the present widespread use of aluminum for domestic, industrial, and transportation purposes. 

Birth of P.-L.-T. Heroult and of Charles Martin Hall, independent discoverers of the electrolytic process for preparing metallic aluminum. 

Charles Martin Hall produces electrolytic aluminum. Dr. H6roult made the same discovery independently at about the same time. 

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