Lowry, Thomas Martin

The Paris school included Robert Lespieau (18641947), Georges Dupont (18841958), Charles Prevost (18991983), and Albert Kirrmann (19001974). Principal figures in the London-Manchester school were Arthur Lapworth (18721941), Thomas Martin Lowry (18741936), Robert Robinson (18861975), Jocelyn Thorpe (18721940), and Christopher Ingold (18931970). A broadly defined German research school pursuing ionic and electronic theories of reaction mechanisms in organic chemistry does not enter into this history, because it did not exist. 

Perrin s theory was flawed both in his failure to clearly express the radiation hypothesis in quantum terms and in his concrete examples of monomolecular reactions. Thomas Martin Lowry, recently appointed to a new chair of physical chemistry at Cambridge University, argued that Perrin s choices of chemical examples were unfortunate. 

See C. B. Allsop and W. A. Waters, "Thomas Martin Lowry," 402418, in Alexander Findlay and William Hobson Mills, eds., British Chemists (London The Chemical Society, 1947) 402 and W. J. Pope, "Thomas Martin Lowry," Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society, 2 (19361938) 287293. 

Allsop and Waters, "Thomas Martin Lowry," 409. Eyre "Armstrong christened this mutarotation" (223). 

Pope, W. J. "Thomas Martin Lowry." Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society 2 (19361938) 287293. 

Participants in the second conference (April 1925) of the Institut International de Chimie Solvay in Brussels. The topic was "Structure and Activity," and four papers were devoted to activation or mechanism in chemical reactions. Henry Armstrong and Jean Perrin are seated at the center section of the adjoining tables. Andre Job and Thomas Martin Lowry are to Perrin s left. Courtesy of the Instituts Intemationaux de Physique et Chimie (Solvay), Brussels. 

Thomas Martin Lowry, the first professor of physical chemistry at the University of Cambridge. 

Danish chemist. In 1923, he introduced a widely explicable acid— base concept simultaneously with Thomas Martin Lowry. He was also cm authority on catalysis of acids and bases. 

The first attempts to interpret Werner s views on an electronic basis were made in 1923 by Nevil Vincent Sidgwick (1873—1952) and Thomas Martin Lowry (1874—1936).103 Sidgwick s initial concern was to explain Werner s coordination number in terms of the sizes of the sub-groups of electrons in the Bohr atom.104 He soon developed the attempt to systematize coordination numbers into his concept of the effective atomic number (EAN).105 He considered ligands to be Lewis bases which donated electrons (usually one pair per ligand) to the metal ion, which thus behaves as a Lewis acid. Ions tend to add electrons by this process until the EAN (the sum of the electrons on the metal ion plus the electrons donated by the ligand) of the next noble gas is achieved. Today the EAN rule is of little theoretical importance. Although a number of elements obey it, there are many important stable exceptions. Nevertheless, it is extremely useful as a predictive rule in one area of coordination chemistry, that of metal carbonyls and nitrosyls. 

Johannes Nicolaus Bronsted and Thomas Martin Lowry simultaneously developed the proton donor/acceptor theory of acids and bases in the... 

Karl Albert Hasselbalch (1874—1962). 26Johannes Nikolaus Bronsted (1879-1947). 27 Thomas Martin Lowry (1874—1936). 

Acids are compounds that ionise to release hydrogen ions, or protons, to their surroundings. Bases are compounds that can accept hydrogen ions. This is called the Bransted-Lowry definition of acids and bases (named after yet another Scandinavian chemist, Johannes Nicolaus Bronsted, and Thomas Martin Lowry, who was British). There are other ways of explaining acidity and basicity, but the Bransted-Lowry theory works most of the time, and will be used throughout this book. 

A new definition for acids and bases, building upon the one already proposed by Arrhenius, was brought forth independently by Johannes Nicolaus Bronsted and Thomas Martin Lowry in 1923. Tlie new definition did not depend on a substance s dissolution in water for definition, but instead suggested that a substance was acidic if it readily donated a proton (H ) to a reaction and a substance was basic if it accepted a proton in a reaction. 

On January 19, 1923, an article by Thomas Martin Lowry (1874—1936) was pubhshed in the English journal Chemistry and Industry, in which the idea of proton transfer between acids and bases was launched. In spite of... 

In 1923, Nevil Vincent Sidgwick (1873-1952) and Thomas Martin Lowry (1874-1936) made the first attempts to interpret Werner s views on an electronic basis. Sidgwick tried to... 

According to proton theory by Johannes Nicolaus Bronsted (1879-1947) and Thomas Martin Lowry (1874-1936), substance exchange by H ions is a very important reaction called acid-base or protolytic (or simply protolysis). 

Bronsted, Johannes Nicolaus (1879-1947) Danish physical chemist in 1923 he introduced the protonic theory of acid-base reactions, simultaneously with the English chemist Thomas Martin Lowry. 

Johannes Nicolaus Brpnsted (1879-1947). Danish chemist. In addition to his theory of acids and bases, Brbnsted worked on thermodynamics and the separation of mercury isotopes. In some texts, Brpnsted adds and bases are called Brpnsted-Lowry adds and bases. Thomas Martin Lowry (1874-1936). Enghsh chemist. Brpnsted and Lowry developed essentially the same add-base theory independently in 1923. 

In 1923 the Arrhenius idea of adds and bases was extended by the British chemist Thomas Martin Lowry (1874-1936) and, independently, by the Danish physical chemist Johannes Nicolaus Bronsted (1879-1947). In the Lowry-Bronsted theory an acid is a compound that can donate a proton and a base is a compound that can accept a proton. Proton donators are called Bronsted acids (or protic acids) and proton acceptors are called Bronsted bases. For example, in the reaction ... 

The shortcomings of the Arrhenius theory led chemists to seek other explanations for the nature of acids and bases. The Br0nsted-Lowry theory was introduced independently in 1923 by the Danish chemist Johannes Nicolaus Brqnsted and the English chemist Thomas Martin Lowry, stating that any compound that can transfer a proton to any other compound is an acid, and the compound that accepts the proton is a base. Their theory explained the behaviour of all of the acids and bases covered by the Arrhenius theory, but also was able to resolve some of the problems with that theory. That is, they were able to explain why some salts are acidic and basic (due to salt hydrolysis) and why no free protons are found in the solutions of some acids. 

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