Water-soluble marker

Fig. 5. Densitograms of the PAAG after lEF of water-soluble isoPOs isolated from wheat calH 10 days after infection, (a) - control, (b) calli, infected with Tilletia caries (c) calli on the MS medium supplemented with 0.05 mM salicylic acid (d) calli infected with T, caries on the MS medium supplemented with 0.05 mM salicylic acid (M) marker (Maksimov Yarullina 2007).

Most of the molecules introduced in this chapter are hydrophobic. Even those molecules that have been functionalized to improve water-solubility (for example, CCVJ and CCVJ triethyleneglycol ester 43, Fig. 14) contain large hydrophobic structures. In aqueous solutions that contain proteins or other macromolecules with hydrophobic regions, molecular rotors are attracted to these pockets and bind to the proteins. Noncovalent attraction to hydrophobic pockets is associated with restricted intramolecular rotation and consequently increased quantum yield. In this respect, molecular rotors are superior protein probes, because they do not only indicate the presence of proteins (similar to antibody-conjugated fluorescent markers), but they also report a constricted environment and can therefore be used to probe protein structure and assembly. 

Talsma, H., van Steenberg, M.J., and Crommelin, D.J.A. (1991) The cryopreservation of liposomes 3. Almost complete retention of a water-soluble marker in small liposomes in a cryoprotectant containing dispersion after a freezing/thawing cycle. Int. J. Pharm. 77, 119-126. 

The squaraine rotaxane tetracarboxylic acid 15a is soluble in aqueous solution at physiological pH and acts as an excellent fluorescent marker with extremely high photostability, which allows trafficking processes in cells to be monitored in realtime, with constant sample illumination, over many minutes. This type of real-time monitoring cannot be done with other available NIR fluorescent probes, such as the amphiphilic styryl dye KM4-64 and water-soluble dextran-Alexa 647 conjugate, because they are rapidly photobleached. 

Materials 9-oz wide-mouth plastic cups (2) round filter paper 1/4 piece of 11-cm round filter paper scissors pointed object, approximately 3-4 mm diameter water-soluble black felt pen or marker... 

Nakada, N., Kiri, K., Shinohara, H., Harada, A., Kuroda, K., Takizawa, S. and Takada, H. (2008) Evaluation of pharmaceuticals and personal care products as water-soluble molecular markers of sewage. Environ. Sci. Technol, 42 (17), 6347-6353. 

Black felt-tip pen or black water-soluble marker piece of porous paper, such as paper towel, table napkin, or coffee filter solvent, such as water, acetone (fingernail polish remover), rubbing alcohol, or white vinegar... 

Size exclusion/molecular sieve chromatography Electron microscopy Ultracentrifugation Ultra nitration NMR spectroscopy Small-angle x-ray scattering Encapsulation of water-soluble markers... 

If one knows the average size and the number of lamellae, one can theoretically estimate the aver age encapsulation volume forwater-soluble drugs, which is the total volume of the enclosed aqueous space within the core and between the lipid bilayers. This can be measured directly by encapsulatior of water-soluble markers. Knowledge of this parameter is more critical forwater-soluble compounds than for water-insoluble ones. 

Table 5.12 Water-soluble dyes for fluorescent marker inks...

Diarrhea and constipation are associated with many illnesses and always produce concern to the effectiveness of therapeutic agents. Like gastroesophageal reflux, the etiology of these conditions is diverse and hence the effect on transit will vary. For example, in a group of constipated patients, a scintigraphic study using a water-soluble marker demonstrated a rapid... 

The new water soluble highly stable metal-polysaccharide nanocomposites of noble metals have been fabricated within the framework of the new approach to the synthesis of hybrid nanosized materials on the basis of arabinogalactan. Distinctive optical properties of the nanoparticles are demonstrated as the plasmonic resonance. Nanobiocomposites with target optical characteristics have a great potential to design promising multifunctional materials with controlled optical properties as well as new optical systems and optical markers in medicine. 

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