Small-angle x-ray spectroscopy

Using IR spectroscopy and NMR, one can analyze the chemical structure of PA. The molecular weight and molecular weight distribution can be analyzed by endgroup analysis, viscometry, and high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). The crystalline order can be analyzed by WAXS, small-angle X-ray spectroscopy... 

Spectroscopy, 490. See also 13C NMR spectroscopy FT Raman spectroscopy Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometry H NMR spectroscopy Infrared (IR) spectroscopy Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy Positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy (PALS) Positron annihilation spectroscopy (PAS) Raman spectroscopy Small-angle x-ray spectroscopy (SAXS) Ultraviolet spectroscopy Wide-angle x-ray spectroscopy (WAXS)... 

Figure 3.43. Structure of Nafion-115 at ambient humidity derived from small-angle X-ray spectroscopy. The lighter areas are cluster structures in the material. (Reprinted with permission from J. Elliott, S. Hanna, A. Elliott, G. Cooley (2000). Interpretation of the small-angle X-ray scattering from swollen and oriented perfluorinated ionomer membranes, Macromolecules 33, 4161-4171. Copyright American Chemical Society.)...

We characterized the nanostructure by atomic force microscopy (AFM), small angle X-ray spectroscopy (SAXS) and by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). 

When dealing with the free volume or interstices in dense membranes, small angle X-ray spectroscopy (SAXS) is very helpful, along with positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy (PALS) [30], or even ellipsometry [31, 32], which measures density locally giving a first insight on the space free volume distribution in depth. 

A new method is reported for locating the order-disorder transition in a diblock copolymer, namely high-resolution calorimetry, and the result compared with determinations by small-angle X-ray spectroscopy and rheology. 13 refs. 

Small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), circular dichroism (CD), and UV spectroscopy at different temperatures were used to investigate the nature of calf-thymus DNA in aqueous solution, in the presence of [Me Sn] " (n = 1-3) species. The results demonstrate that the [MeSn(IV)] moiety does not influence the structure and conformation of the DNA double helix, and does not degrade DNA, as indicated by agarose gel electrophoresis. Inter alia, the radii of gyration, Rg, of the cross section of native calf-thymus DNA, determined by SAXS in aqueous solution in the presence of [Me Sn] " (n = 1-3) species are constant and independent of the nature and concentration of the [Me Sn] species. 

Generally, it is most likely that metal NPs are stabilized by the aggregates of the non-functionalized imidazolium ILs rather than by the isolated ions. In addition, the interaction between ILs and the metal NPs have been evidenced by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), isotope labeling, and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) techniques. 

The thickness of the ordered crystalline regions, termed crystallite or lamellar thickness (Lc), is an important parameter for correlations with thermodynamic and physical properties. Lc and the distribution of lamellar thicknesses can be determined by different experimental methods, including thin-section TEM mentioned earlier, atomic force microscopy, small-angle X-ray scattering and analysis of the LAM in Raman spectroscopy. 

Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and small-angle X-ray (SAXS) and neutron (SANS) scattering studies have shown the existence of a further pressure induced gel phase in DPPC bilayers." " Pressure dependent NMR studies yielded complementary information on the pressure-induced gel phases. The gel state of DPPC bilayers shows a variation in lineshapes which depend on the particular pressure and temperature. The types of lineshapes seen in a high pressure investigation of dg2-DPPC by Jonas et al. are... 

---