Marine mining

M. J. Cmickshank and C. L. Morgan, Synthesis andMnalysis of Existing Information KegardingEnvironmental Effects of Marine Mining, consulting report to Continental Shelf Associates for U.S. MMS Contract No. 14-35-0001-30588, U.S. Dept, of the Interior, Washington, D.C., 1992. 

A. Malahoff, Marine Mining A New Beginning, State of Hawaii, Honolulu, 1985, pp. 31—61. 

The application of hexyl as an explosive goes back as far as 1910. It was widely used in Germany during the two World Wars, mostly in fusible compositions, with TNT and with or without ammonium nitrate as a third constituent for filling torpedoes, marine mines, bombs and whenever a particularly high explosive power was required. During World War II aluminium was also added to hexyl compositions (Vol. III). 

Aquatic or marine mining is the removal of unconsoUdated minerals that are near or under water, with processes in which the extracted mineral is moved by or processed in the associated water. This type of mining may also be referred to as alluvial mining or placer mining. The two major types of aquatic or marine mining are dredging and hydraulicking. 

Materials typically recovered by aquatic or marine mining have usually been deposited in fluvial, aeolian, or glacial environments, and are thus unconsolidated. They include aggregate (sand and gravel), and materials deposited because of their relatively high specific gravities. The latter deposits are called placers, and include native (naturally occurring) precious metals, tin (as the oxide cassiterite),... 

Jumars, P.A. (1981) Limits in predicting and detecting benthic community responses to manganese nodule mining. Marine Mining, 3, 213-229. 

Morphological and geochemical characteristics of manganese nodules collected from three areas on an equatorial Pacific transect by R.V. Sonne. Marine Mining, 4 167-253. 

Manganese Nodule Mine Site" An optimistic assumption Marine Mining, 4 73-77. 

Meylan, M.A., Glasby, G.P., Hill, P.J., McKelvey, B.C., Walter, P. and Staffers, R, 1990. Manganese crusts and nodules from the Manihiki Plateau and adjacent areas Results of HMNZS Tui cruises. Marine Mining, 9 43-72. 

Oudin, E., 1983. Hydrothermal sulfide deposits of the East Pacific Rise ( 21°N ) part I descriptive mineralogy. Marine Mining, 4 39-72. 

Other delivery systems included spray tanks, missiles, aerosol generators, drones, and marine mines. Of these, the submarine mine was one of the more covert forms of delivery. It was designed to be fired from a torpedo tube, to sink to the bottom for a specified period up to 2 hours, and then rise to the surface and expel about 42 L of agent. After dissemination of the agent, it scuttled itself.3,132... 

Richards, A.F., and Chaney, R.C. 1981. Present and future geotechnical research needs in deep ocean mining. Marine Mining, 2(4) 315-337. 

See also Geoinformatics Marine Mining Mineralogy Plane Surveying. 

Marine mining deals with the extraction of economically valuable substances from the ocean. These... 

Governmental agencies and numerous nongovernmental agencies play an active role in overseeing and regulating marine mining, partly because it is done in the sea. 

The only marine mining done in the United States as of 2010 is the dredging of sand and gravel for beach nourishment and oil and gas production in... 

See also Diffraction Analysis Electronic Materials Production Gemology and Ghrysology Land-Use Management Marine Mining Soil Science Steelmaking Technologies. 

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