Marine debris

A systematic study of floating marine debris in the North Sea (68)... 

Persistent Marine Debris A Global Environmental Concern of the 1980s, a Global Environmental Problem of the 90 s ... 

Mediterranean Sea (75). At the risk of complacency, it can be concluded that this component of the persistent marine debris is reasonably well... 

Henderson, J.R. In Proceedings of the Workshop on the Fate and Impact of Marine Debris Editors, Shomura, R.S. and Yoshida, H.O. U.S. Dept. Commer. NOAA Techn. Memo. NMFS, NOAA-TM-NMFS-SWFC-54, 1985, pp. 326-335. 

Day RH, Shaw DG, Ignell SE (1998) In Shomura RS, Godfrey ML (eds) Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Marine Debris, April 2-7, Honolulu, Hawaii. US Department of Commerce, NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS, NOAA-TM-NMFS-SWFC-154, p 247... 

Fire Prevention and Portable Fire Extinguishers Walking Working Surfaces Job Safety and Environmental Analysis Offshore Orientation and Emergency Evacuation Personal Protective Equipment, Respiratory Prevention of Workplace Violence Marine Debris Fall Protection Introduction Permitting... 

In conclusion, a solution to waste treatment by self-degradation of plastics has not been favored at least for the packaging industry. However, it has been successfully implemented for selected controlled-life plastics in agriculture (mulching). It is also a possible solution for marine debris, plastics in release control of fertilizers and pesticizers, biomedical applications, and diapers. Converting to polymers which are soluble in selected solvents may also permit some special treatment. 

In 1990, about 12 nhllion tons of plastics were produced in Japan, and the production was almost double of the value in 1970. At present, about one himdred million tons of plastics are produced in the world. With increase in production, the amount of plastic wastes has been raised enormously. It is reported that these waste plastics kill many kinds of animals, scar the beautiful scenery, contaminate the coast and disturb the cruise of ships in various environments. In marine environment, especially, one million marine animals are killed every year eilhm by choking on floating plastic items or by becoming entangled in plastic debris. The quantities of the marine debris reaches several hundred thousand tons every year. 

Marine debris is generally defined as any manufactured or processed solid waste material (typically inert) that enters the marine environment from any source. Marine litter and floatables are considered equivalent terms [1], Marine pollution is defined as the introduction by man, directly or indirectly, of substances into the marine environment (including estuaries) resulting in such deleterious effects as harm to living resources, hindrance to marine activities including fishing, impairment of quality for use of sea water and reduction of amenities [2], Marine debris is dominated by persistent synthetic materials, most of which are plastics. 

PLASTIC LITTER AND OTHER MARINE DEBRIS 10.2.1. Categories and Sources... 

Volume measures are generally estimates. In some instances types and amounts are simply ranked in order of abundance. The approach adopted may reflect time availability, number of individuals involved, and survey objectives. It will take into consideration factors such as site topography, meteoric and oceanographic conditions, relative amounts of marine debris and seaweed or other natural litter present, and also where to set boundaries [36]. 

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