Marine biocide

J. C. Harrington, Comparative Effects of Organic Mntifoulant Biocides in Marine Paints, 29th Marine and Offshore Coatings Conference, Chadeston, S.C., June 28,1989. 

Tributyltin and triphenyltin compounds are used as wood preservative fungicides, agrochemical fungicides, and as miticides and biocides in marine paints. 

Birds are comparatively resistant to the biocidal properties of cadmium. Adult drake mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) fed up to 200 mg cadmium per kg diet for 90 days all survived with no loss of body weight (White and Linley 1978). Laying hens fed 200 mg Cd/kg diet also survived egg production was suppressed at that concentration but not at lower concentrations (White and Linley 1978). Marine and terrestrial animals, including ducks, have been shown to be particularly abundant in a wildlife community associated with a marine sewer outfall (Brown et al. 1977). These animals were contaminated with high levels of cadmium, as well as zinc and copper, but were apparently protected from the deleterious effects of high metal body burdens by metallothioneins. Amounts... 

Triorganotins Agrochemical fungicides, herbicides, miticides, insecticides, nematocides, acaracides, antifeedants biocide in marine paints slimicide in paper pulp mills and cooling towers rodent repellent molluscicides wood preservative fungicides disinfectants stone preservation textile, paper, and leather protection (Piver 1973 Hunter 1976 Kumpulainen and Koivistoinen 1977 CEC 1978 WHO 1980 Davies and Smith 1982 Chau etal. 1984 Subramanian 1984 Wilkinson 1984 Blunden etal. 1985 Maguire and Tkacz 1985 Thompson etal. 1985 Blunden and Chapman 1986 USPHS 1992). 

In the light of this somewhat uncertain future for AF technologies based on metals and synthetic, environmentally-persistent, biocides, researchers have returned to the study of the biological basis of the fouling process in the search for environmentally-benign substitutes (Yebra et al., 2004). The first and more evident idea is to look into AF compounds naturally present in the marine... 

Biocide release rate methods were first developed for TBT-containing compounds in an effort to establish limits on their release from AF into marine bodies (Haslbeck and Holm, 2005). The core idea of this kind of methods is to develop standardised procedures which can tell, after as short an experimental time as possible, whether an AF coating will be leaching environmentally acceptable amounts of biocide into sea water. Two such methods are available to measure the release rate of copper, namely the ASTM D6442 and ISO 15181 -... 

Rohrn and Haas was recognized for its development of SEA-N1NE 211 antifouling agent, an effective and more environmentally acceptable ingredient for use in marine antifouling paints, compared with many currently used biocides. 

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