Marijuana analysis

Tests for Marijuana The Duquenois reagent (Duquenois or Duquenois-Levine test) involves a condensation reaction leading to creation of a purple chro-mophore (Figure 7.19) with the active ingredient tetrahydrocannabinol. Marijuana analysis frequently includes TLC using Fast Blue BB salt (or a similar... 

The aim of the analysis of cannabinoids in plants is to discriminate between the phenotypes (drug-type/fiber-type). Quantification of cannabinoids in plant material is needed if it will be used in medicinal appHcations, e.g., in C. sativa extracts. The ratio between A9-THC and CBN can be used for the determination of the age of stored marijuana samples [84]. 

Ion mobility spectrometry (IMS [43]). Solid phase microextraction (SPME) using a 100 pm polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) SPME fibre was used for head-space sampling and preconcentration of volatile markers of cocaine, MDMA and marijuana (methyl benzoate, piperonal and terpenes, respectively) in cargo containers. Analysis was then performed by IMS after thermal desorption of the drug markers from the fibre into the IMS analyser. 

El Sohly, M. A., J. H. Holley and C. E. Turner. Constituents of Cannabis sa tiva L. XXVI. The delta-9-tetrahydro-cannabinol content of confiscated marijuana, 1974-1983. Proc Oxford Symp Cannabis 1985 1984 37-42. Morita, M. and H. Ando. Analysis of hashish oil by gas chromatography / mass spectrometry. Kagaku Keisatsu Kenkyusho Hokoku Hokagaku Hen 1984 37(2) 137-140. 

National Research Council. Committee on Substance Abuse and Habitual Behavior. An Analysis of Marijuana Policy. Washington, D.C. National Academy Press. 1982. 41 p. 

The analysis of the reported source countries (ARQ, 2002-2006 period) suggests that cannabis resin production takes place in some 58 countries while cannabis herb (marijuana) production occurs in at least 116 countries. The caveat here is that cannabis herb is thought to be produced even in countries where the main supply concentrates on resin. Cannabis herb production is globally far more dispersed than global cannabis resin production. 

In Study 2, the stepwise discriminant analysis resulted in a subset of seven variables that were the best predictors of alprazolam. The model was more accurate in predicting the absence of alprazolam (specificity = 96.7%) than its presence (sensitivity = 78.3%), and predictive efficiency was 90.4%. The analysis resulted in a subset of three variables that were the best predictors of dosing with D-amphetamine. As with alprazolam, the model s predictions had greater specificity (92.5%) than sensitivity (75.0%), and efficiency of the model was high (86.5%). The discriminant analysis resulted in a subset of two variables that were the best predictors of codeine. The model s predictions had much greater specificity (92.4%) than sensitivity (34.8%), and efficiency was moderate (73.2%). The discriminant analysis resulted in a subset of seven variables that were the best predictors of marijuana. The model predicted with greater accuracy the absence (specificity = 93.3%) of marijuana than its presence (sensitivity = 61.4%) predictive efficiency was 82.7%. 

The spiked joints are called squares and the wet marijuana is called fry adolescents are congregating in fry houses. A sample joint obtained by Houston law enforcement and submitted to spectral analysis revealed PCP and byproducts of its home-lab manufacture, PCC and PCH. 

Results from the following studies support the strong influence of parents on the teenage use of marijuana. In a combined analysis (meta-analysis) of the 1979-1996 NHSDAs, researchers discovered the following trends in 12- to 17-year-olds ... 

National Research Council of the National Academy of Sciences. An Analysis of Marijuana Policy. Schaffer Library of Drug Policy, 1982. h ttp //www. drugli brary. org. 

Coyle, H. M., Shutler, G., Abrams, S., Hanniman, J., Neylon, S., Ladd, C., et al. (2003). A simple DNA extraction method for marijuana samples used in amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP). analysis. J. Forensic Sci. 48, 343-347. 

This antiserum was used in the blind analysis of plasma samples from marijuana smokers. These samples were also analyzed by GC-MS at Battelle Institute. Regression analysis of the two sets of results showed good agreement RIA (ng/ml) = 1.2 GC + 0.14 with excellent correlation. Thus, the tritium labeled A8-THC combined with the antibody from the A9-immunogen is useful for the analysis of A9-THC in plasma. 

Figure 1. HPLC analysis of 1 mL human plasma from non-marijuana smokers to which 1.0 /xg of 11 (CBD), 0.25 p.g of 111 (CBN), 1.0 /xg of I ( S-THC), and 0.25 ixg of IV (CBC) were added. A gradient program (solid superimposed line) was used starting with 95 5, heptane methylene chloride.

Figure 4. HPLC analysis of (-----), human plasma from a non-marijuana smoker...

Figure 5. HPLC analysis of human plasma from a marijuana smoker to which yill (A9-u-THC) has been added as internal standard. Mobile phase of 0.6% isopropyl alcohol in heptane used on a tandem alkylamine—alkylnitrile column with a flow rate of 60 mL/hr.

Once the proper HPLC conditions were achieved for VI, a study was conducted to determine which pH and extraction solvent would be optimum. For this study 100 ng of VI was added to 1 ml of plasma taken from laboratory workers known to be free of marijuana. Each plasma was run in triplicate using pH and extraction conditions shown in Table VII. As a result of these studies, a pH of 4 and benzene containing 1.5% isopropanol was used as the extracting conditions for analysis of VI since this pH gave consistently better appearing chromatograms than did pH 2.5. 

Figure 6. HPLC analysis of human plasma from a non-marijuana smoker to which 100 ng/mL of VI has been added. A gradient (superimposed with dashed line) beginning with 60 40, water-.acetonitrile was used on a phenyl-bonded phase...

An 18-year-old man experienced sudden and severe chest pain while drinking alcohol. He vomited, collapsed, and died. On postmortem examination, thrombosis of the left coronary artery, dilated cardiomyopathy with congestive heart failure, and pulmonary embolism were noted. Blood analysis showed raised cocaine and marijuana concentrations and a trace of alcohol. 

The study showed that hair analysis identified approximately four times the number of cocaine users as urinalysis in each 3-month time frame and this with approximately one tenth the number of tests. This shows hair analysis to be 33 times more effective than urinalysis on a per-test basis. Considering the cost of urine testing, test scheduling, and observed collection, this translates into a considerable savings per identified drug user. If the relative efficiency of urinalysis is calculated on the basis of positive cocaine test results (since cocaine users in a 3-month interval were occasionally identified more than once by urinalysis), then hair analysis is 24 times more effective than urinalysis. Except for marijuana, the test results with the other drugs follow a similar pattern. 

Only in the case of marijuana is unannounced urinalysis slightly more effective than hair analysis, i.e., by a factor of 1.3. This is attributed to the wider detection window of marijuana urinalysis relative to the other urine drug tests, and to the lower sensitivity of the marijuana hair test used in this study as compared to the hair assays for the other drugs. Since that time the sensitivity of the hair marijuana assay has been improved to a point where the positive rate of hair analysis is approximately twice that of urinalysis in arrestee populations. However, incomplete concordance between the two tests shows that both urinalysis and hair analysis still miss some marijuana users, most likely the light users. 

In this population 41.2% were identified as cocaine users by hair analysis urinalysis identified 18.2% and self-reports 12.5%. With respect to marijuana, hair identified 36.7% as users, urine 40%, and self-reports 46.3%. The incidence of use of the other drugs was less than 1%. 

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