Drugs urine testing

Dams, R. Murphy, C.M. Lambert, W.E. Huestis, M.A. Urine Drug Testing for Opioids, Cocaine, and Metabolites by Direct Injection LC/Tandem MS. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 2003,17, 1665-1670. 

Table 3.1 Cutoff Values for Urine Drug Tests ...

United States Department of Health and Human Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Service Administration, Division of Workplace Programs. Drug Testing—Urine Drug Testing. Available online. 

Andersson et al. have recently proposed a direct injection LC-MS/MS method for the identification and quantification of amphetamine, methamphetamine, MDA, and MDMA in urine drug testing. The samples were prepared for analysis by fivefold dilution with ultra pure water [119]. A gradient elution was performed using two solvents 25 mM formic acid containing 1 % acetonitrile and 25 mM formic acid containing 90 % acetonitrile. Authors observed matrix effects, in terms of ion suppression, about 25-fold. This method was used for real sample analysis and... 

Gustavsson E, Andersson M, Stephanson N, Beck O (2007) Validation of direct injection electrospray LC-MS/MS for confirmation of opiates in urine drug testing. J Mass Spectrom 42(7) 881—889. doi 10.1002/jms,1219... 

Andersson M, Gustavsson E, Stephanson N, Beck O (2008) Direct injection LC-MS/MS method for identification and quantification of amphetamine, methamphetamine, 3,4-methyl-enedioxyamphetamine and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine in urine drug testing. J ChromatogrB Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 861 22-28. 10.1016/j.jchromb.2007.11.025... 

Only in the case of marijuana is unannounced urinalysis slightly more effective than hair analysis, i.e., by a factor of 1.3. This is attributed to the wider detection window of marijuana urinalysis relative to the other urine drug tests, and to the lower sensitivity of the marijuana hair test used in this study as compared to the hair assays for the other drugs. Since that time the sensitivity of the hair marijuana assay has been improved to a point where the positive rate of hair analysis is approximately twice that of urinalysis in arrestee populations. However, incomplete concordance between the two tests shows that both urinalysis and hair analysis still miss some marijuana users, most likely the light users. 

R. Dams, C.M. Murphy, W.E. Lambert, M.A. Huestis, Urine drug testing for opioids, cocaine and metabolites by direct injection LC-AdS-ALS, Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom., 17(2003) 1665. 

Meconium drug testing is growing but is far less standardized than urine drug testing. Assay cutoff limits and emits (ng/g meconium or ng/mL of extract) may vary, and suitable reference or control materials are not yet available, Cutoff limits proposed by SAMHSA are presented in Table 34-9. 

Fitzgerald RL, Ramos JM Jr, Bogema SC, Poklis A. Resolution of methamphetamine stereoisomers in urine drug testing Urinary excretion of R( )-methamphetamine following use of nasal inhalers. J Anal Toxicol 1988 12 255-9. 

Green KB, Isenschmid DS. Medical review officer interpretation of urine drug test results. In Liu RH, Goldberger BA, eds. Handbook of workplace drug testing. Washington, DC AACC Press, 1995 321-53. 

Kadehjian LJ Performance of five non-instrumented urine drug-testing devices with challenging nearcutoff specimens. J Anal Toxicol 2001 25 670-9. 

Peace MR, Poklis JL, Tarnai LD, Poldis A. An evaluation of the OnTrak Testcup -er on-site urine drug testing device for drugs commonly encountered from emergency departments. J Anal Toxicol 2002 26 500-3. 

Goldberger, B. A., Huestis, M. A., Wilkins, D. G. (1997). Commonly practiced quality control and quality assurance procedures for gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis in forensic urine drug-testing laboratories. Forensic Sci Rev, 9, 59-80. 

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