Margins for

Key words appear in boldface when they are introduced within the text. The term and its definition appear in the margin for quick review by the student. All keywords are also defined in the glossary. 

A related problem is the allocation of costs when a raw material for one process operation is produced internally by another process operation of the same organization (17). The transfer or captive price assigned to the raw material can range from the production cost to a market price that reflects a total profit margin for the material producer, depending on the accounting procedures adopted. 

Note For such duties, the starting heat is kept as low as possible by suitable rotor design to eliminate the effect of frequent starts and stops. The margin for starting heat and braking heat should be taken into account if these are considerable. The manufacturer is a better guide for suggestions here. 

The load is now transmitted through ordinary couplings, one half mounted on the motor shaft and the other half on the driven shaft. They are bolted together with a rubber pad between the two. The motor and the driven machine are mounted on a common bed (Figure 8.2). They are now able to provide margin for misalignment of the two shaft ends and thus extend more flexibility. 

The selection process of power cables is almost the same as that of a bus system discussed in Section 28.3. For simplicity we consider only the basic data for selection which would suffice the majority of applications. For accurate calculations a similar approach will be essential as for the bus systems (Chapter 28). For site conditions and laying arrangements which may influence the basic rating of a cable, corresponding derating factors have also been provided. The information covered here will be useful to users to meet their cable requirements, although the data may vary marginally for different manufacturers. For more data on cables, not covered here, reference may be made to the cable manufacturers. 

Load to be transferred, keeping suitable margins for a future increase in demand. 

Page 3 gives a summary of the most important result in a figure illustrating in a semi-quantitative way the conditions in the specified CSTR. As can be seen on line 74, Dar is somewhat larger than the critical value but the concentration difference on line 75 is small, so this result can be accepted with some reservations. The Carberry number is also larger than the criteria, therefore these experimental results are marginal for Nox abatement... 

The first or free-free rotor bending mode frequency (based on the required margin for operation below the critical speed)... 

Figure 4.31 Failure probability (per application of load) versus safety margin for various loading roughness values (adapted from Carter, 1997)...

The reboiler must have enough surface area to provide a margin for control. The control valve introduces a... 

The requirements of the automotive industry are more demanding than some other industries. Automotive products have to be safe, reliable, and maintainable, protect the occupants, and have minimal impact on the environment in their manufacture, use, and disposal. The automotive sector is a very competitive market and as a consequence costs have to be optimized. There is little margin for excessive variation, as variation causes waste and waste costs money and time. Therefore several methods have evolved to reduce variation. Among them are SPC, FMEA, MSA, and many other techniques The automotive industry believes that the more their suppliers adopt such variation reduction techniques the more likely it will be that the resultant product will be brought to the market more quickly and its production process be more efficient. 

Clearly defined assessment criteria. Clearly defining the criteria against which existing PSM programs will be evaluated helps to minimize the margin for error and maximize objectivity. Ill-defined evaluation criteria require the person conducting the assessment to rely solely on individual skill and experience, which may or may not yield objective results. 

V is located along the vertical margin and the probability is given on the horizontal margin. (For a one-tailed test, given the probability for the left tail, the i value must be preceded by a negative sign.)... 

The API standards are reasonable for turbo-machinery, but are unacceptable for lower-speed machines. The standards are applicable for rotating machinery with speeds above 1800 rpm marginal for speeds between 600 and 1800 rpm and should not be used for speeds below 600 rpmx. 

Clearly, at this functional level of operation, there is little margin for error and this type of program probably will not tolerate the degree of dirt loading and other problems associated with frequent boiler startups. 

As was pointed out, refinement of ethoxysulfated alcohols is sometimes required to satisfy current standards for product quality, in particular 1,4-di-oxane content. Due to the particular characteristics and outstanding suitability of FAES for application in personal care detergent products, the commercially accepted content of 1,4-dioxane in FAES has been progressively reduced to meet the demand of higher safety margins for the end-users, without requiring any change in product formulation and choice of surfactant. 

The main characteristics which determine the performance of a wavefront corrector are the number of actuators, actuator stroke and the temporal response. The number of actuators will determine the maximum Strehl ratio which can be obtained with the AO system. The price of a deformable mirror is directly related to the number of actuators. The actuator stroke should be enough to compensate wavefront errors when the seeing is moderately poor. This can be derived from the Noll formula with ao = 1.03. For example, on a 10m telescope with ro = 0.05m at 0.5 m, the rms wavefront error is 6.7 /xm. The deformable mirror stroke should be a factor of at least three times this. It should also include some margin for correction of errors introduced by the telescope itself. The required stroke is too large for most types of deformable mirror, and it is common practice to off-load the tip-tilt component of the wave-front error to a separate tip-tilt mirror. The Noll coefficient a2 = 0.134 and... 

The Math As is immediately apparent, a mean cannot coincide with a SL if all measurements that go into it must also conform (cf. Fig. 2.13, distribution for p = 0.5), unless = 0. Any attempt to limit the individual measurements to the specification interval will result in a narrowing of the available margin for error in Xmean, be it manufacturing bias or inhomogeneity. This may be acceptable as long as one has the luxury of 90-110% release limits, but becomes impracticable if these are reduced to 95-105%. 

---