Specification interval

Total acid number (TAN) is a measure of the amount of acid or acid-like material in the oil sample. Because new oils contain additives that affect the TAN number, it is important to compare used oil samples with new, unused, oil of the same type. Regular analysis at specific intervals is important to this evaluation. 

During ongoing therapy with the antiarrhythmic dragp, the nurse takes the patient s blood pressure apical and radial pulses, and respiratory rate at periodic intervals, usually every 1 to 4 hours. Specific intervals depend on... 

Assuming the specification limits SL are given (regulations, market, etc.) postulate a tentative confidence interval CI(X) no larger than about SI SI = specification interval. (See Fig. 2.12.)... 

Figure 2.12. The relationship between specification interval, SI, and confidence intervals of the test result. Cl. The hatched bars denote the product specifications while the horizontal bars give the test results with confidence limits. A ratio SI/CI > 4 is required if differentiation between result categories is needed.

The Math As is immediately apparent, a mean cannot coincide with a SL if all measurements that go into it must also conform (cf. Fig. 2.13, distribution for p = 0.5), unless = 0. Any attempt to limit the individual measurements to the specification interval will result in a narrowing of the available margin for error in Xmean, be it manufacturing bias or inhomogeneity. This may be acceptable as long as one has the luxury of 90-110% release limits, but becomes impracticable if these are reduced to 95-105%. 

Administered at specific intervals with additional doses given as needed... 

Alternatively, one may associate significance levels with specific intervals around the mean. For large m, intervals of 1 x s/y/m, 2 x s/yjm, and 3 x s/ /m on each side of x correspond to the 31.7, 4.5, and 0.3 percent significance levels, respectively. They limit 68.3,95.4, and 99.7 percent of the surface enclosed under the density of probability curve. Jargon often refers to these intervals as 1[Pg.197]

The decomposition gases are taken to the sampling valve which, according to the gas to be analyzed and the retarding column used, can be operated at specific intervals. A helium gas stream flushes the reaction gases into the gas chromatograph. 

According to the dissolution method, precision is determined by testing at least six aliquots of a homogenous sample for each dosage strength. The precision should be assessed at each specification interval for the dosage form. The precision can be determined by calculating the relative standard deviation (RSD) of the multiple aliquots from each solution. 

The principle of the acute eye rrritation/corrosion tests is that the substance to be tested is applied in a single dose to one of the eyes of the experimental animal the untreated eye serves as the control. The degree of eye irtitation/coiTosion is evaluated by scoring lesions of conjunctiva, cornea, and iris, at specific intervals. Other effects in the eye as well as adverse systemic effects are also described to provide a complete evaluation of the effects. The duration of the study should be sufficient to permit a full evaluation of the reversibility or irreversibility of the effects. The period of observation should be at least 72 h, but should not exceed 21 days. 

Returning to the general liquid phase catalytic system, assume that you have chosen an appropriate spectroscopy to investigate the system under reaction conditions. The spectroscopy provides spectra, i. e. absorbance A(t), at specific intervals in time. If S denotes the complete set of all species that exist at any time in the physical system, then Sjo s is the subset of all observable species obtained using the in situ spectroscopy. This requires that the pure component spectra aj..as obs are obtainable from the multi-component solution spectra A t) without separation of constituents, and without recourse to spectral libraries or any other type of a priori information. Once reliable spectroscopic information concerning the species present under reaction are available, down to very low concentrations, further issues such as the concentrations of species present, the reactions present, and reaction kinetics can be addressed. In other words, more detailed aspects of mechanistic enquiry can be posed. 

Toxicity test in which test solutions are renewed (replaced) periodically (e.g., at specific intervals) during the test period. Synonymous terms are batch replacement, renewed static, renewal, intermittent renewal, static replacement, and semistatic (Environment Canada, 1999). Volume 1(7,10). 

The instantaneous rates are necessary for the characterization of the cellular activities but may not be sufficient. This occurs because during a specific interval of time, the concentration of cells can vary significantly, and this may affect transformation rates. Therefore the specific growth rate is defined as a characteristic rate of the population. The specific growth rate is calculated from the cellular growth rate divided by the cellular concentration, and can be represented by the Equation 4 (Miller and Reddy, 1998 Hiss, 2001) ... 

Whenever the chemical is administered by gavage, it should be given at a specific time of the day, and the dose level should be adjusted at a specific interval (e.g., every week or every fortnight). This method maintains a constant dose level in terms of animal body weight. When a repeated-dose study is used as a preliminary to a long-term study, a similar diet should be used. 

A probability distribution function for a continuous random variable, denoted by fix), describes how the frequency of repeated measurements is distributed over the range of observed values for the measurement. When considering the probability distribution of a continuous random variable, we can imagine that a set of such measurements will lie within a specific interval. The area under the curve of a graph of a probability distribution for a selected interval gives the probability that a measurement will take on a value in that interval. 

A latex has the identical formulation to Run 8A, but the butadiene was injected into the bottle at specific intervals. Runs 8 and 8A were made by injecting everything into the bottle at once. 

Normally, CRMs are used for the verification of accuracy, precision, and reliability of the results of analysis carried out in a laboratory (i.e., for checking the quality of its routine work). The CRM is analyzed at specific intervals and the results obtained are used to draw control charts (e.g., Shewhart chart) [63]. This allows visual assessment of the measurement system, the emergence of systematic errors, etc. Application of CRMs for the constmction of control charts is advantagous because of the homogeneity and stability of CRMs, and the ability to assess the accuracy of the results obtained in the laboratory by comparison with the certified value. 

To calculate the probability of obtaining a value in a specific interval (say between p-aand p + o) we need to integrate the distribution function f(x) in Eqn. 8.15. 

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