Marginal definition

Bold-faced Key Terms with Margin Definitions... 

Key terms are boldfaced upon their first use and marginal definitions are provided for each. 

We must now mention, that traditionally it is the custom, especially in chemo-metrics, for outliers to have a different definition, and even a different interpretation. Suppose that we have a fc-dimensional characteristic vector, i.e., k different molecular descriptors are used. If we imagine a fe-dimensional hyperspace, then the dataset objects will find different places. Some of them will tend to group together, while others will be allocated to more remote regions. One can by convention define a margin beyond which there starts the realm of strong outliers. "Moderate outliers stay near this margin. 

Key words appear in boldface when they are introduced within the text. The term and its definition appear in the margin for quick review by the student. All keywords are also defined in the glossary. 

Athermal mixing is expected in the case of 61 - 62. Since polymers generally decompose before evaporating, the definition 6 = (AUy/V°) is not useful for polymers. There are noncalorimetric methods for identifying athermal solutions, however, so the 6 value of a polymer is equated to that of the solvent for such a system to estimate the CED for the polymer. The fact that a range of 6 values is shown for the polymers in Table 8.2 indicates the margin of uncertainty associated with this approach. 

The definition of NPSHr may change in the future. A pump is in a definite state of cavitation with the 3% total head loss definition. Many pump users want a more explicit definition of NPSHr, and higher NPSHa safety margins to avoid inadequate NPSHa and cavitation altogether. 

Remember from Chapter 2, the NPSHa formula is NPSHa = Ha + Hs - Hvp - Hf - Hi. If you want to raise the NPSHa, it will be necessary to increase the elements (Ha, Hs) that add energy to the fluid, or decrease the elements (Hvp, Hf, Hi) that rob e- rgy from the fluid. Also remember that the NPSHr reading, printed on a pumn c -ve, currently represents a point where the pump is already suffering a 2. ss in function due to cavitation. Some people in the industry are calling for a more precise definition of NPSHr, and higher safety margins on NPSHa. 

The standard rates the offending noise according to its nature 5dB(A) is added where the noise has a definite continuous note and a further 5 dB(A) added for noise of an intermittent nature. The number of occasions that happen in an 8-hour period is then plotted on a graph and the correction for intermittency is derived. When these calculations have been performed, the noise level is compared to the background level. The standard states that where the noise exceeds the background by 5 dB or more, the nuisance is to be classed as marginal, and where the background is exceeded by lOdB(A) or more, complaints are to be expected. 

The sanitary landfill, the most acceptable alternative to the present poor practices of land disposal, involves the long-term planning and application of sound engineering principles and construction techniques. By definition, no burning of solid waste will ever occur at a sanitary landfill. A sanitary landfill is not only an acceptable and economic method of solid waste disposal, it is also an excellent way to make otherwise unsuitable or marginal land valuable.1... 

In this statement, we have used "polar plot of G0l" to replace a mouthful of words. We have added G0L-plane in the wording to emphasize that we are using an analysis based on Eq. (7-2a). The real question lies in what safety margin we should impose on a given system. This question leads to the definitions of gain and phase margins, which constitute the basis of the general relative stability criteria for closed-loop systems. 

On the negative real axis (-180°), find the "distance" of GCGP from (-1,0). This is the gain margin, GM. The formal definition is... 

Find the frequency where the magnitude Gc(jto)Gp(jco) is 1. This particular frequency is the phase crossover frequency, to = tocp. We then find the angle between GcGp and -180°. This is the phase margin, PM. The formal definition is... 

With the straight textbook definition and explanation, the gain margin and phase margin of the... 

We can also use the Bode plot of G to do phase margin calculations. From the textbook definition, we are supposed to find the phase angle ( > = ZG0L where G0L = 1. If the phase margin is 45°, should be -135°. It appears that we need to know Kc beforehand to calculate GOL, but we do not. 

We should find a gain margin of 2 (6 dB) and a phase margin of 25.4°, which is definitely a bit more conservative than the 1.7 gain margin result. 

Based upon the available data, derivation of AEGL-1 values was considered inappropriate. The continuum of arsine-induced toxicity does not appear to include effects consistent with the AEGL-1 definition. The available human and animal data affirm that there is a very narrow margin between exposures that result in little or no signs or symptoms of toxicity and those that result in lethality. The mechanism of arsine toxicity (hemolysis that results in renal failure and death), and the fact that toxicity in humans and animals has been reported at concentrations at or below odor detection levels (-0.5 parts per million (ppm)) also support such a conclusion. The use of analytical detection limits (0.01 to 0.05 ppm) was considered as a basis for AEGL-1 values but was considered to be inconsistent with the AEGL-1 definition. 

The last equality follows from the definition of the one-point marginal velocity PDF, e.g.,... 

The margin boxes highlight important points in the text with a short statement or definition to give some background to the topic or they refer to other sections in the book which give additional information on the topic. 

What do the terms potency and effectiveness of a drug mean Explain the definitions of therapeutic index and safety margin. 

Phase margin (PM) is defined as the angle between the negative real axis and a radial line drawn from the origin to the point where the GuB curve intersects the unit circle. See Fig. 13.7. The definition is more compact in equation form. 

---