Marble process

Raw materials used to make glass fibers include but are not limited to sand, limestone, soda ash, and cullet. These raw materials are melted in a furnace to obtain molten glass. The molten glass then can be made into glass fibers, mainly by three methods wool process, continuous filament process, and marble process. 

In the marble process, the glass first must be melted for making marbles and then is re-melted in the bushing for fiber formation. Due to the re-melting process. 

Figure 11.9. Schematic of a typical bushing used in the marble process.

Similarly, those proteins can be combined with uncolored ingredients to imitate marbling and form pet foods with chunk-meat appearance. This processing is commonly used in semimoist pet foods. 

Synthetic Marble. Synthetic marble-like resin products are prepared by casting or molding a highly filled monomer mixture or monomer—polymer symp. When only one smooth surface is required, a continuous casting process using only one endless stainless steel belt can be used (52,53). Typically on the order of 60 wt % inorganic filler is used. The inorganic fillers, such as aluminum hydroxide, calcium carbonate, etc, are selected on the basis of cost, and such properties as the translucence, chemical and water resistance, and ease of subsequent fabrication (54,55). 

White Hydroxide. Tlie soda sinter process appHed to bauxite or bauxite residue produces a hydroxide that is completely free from organic coloring matter and is very wliite. A value of more than 95% is obtained on the GE brightness scale relative to Ti02 as followed in the paper (qv) industry. Tliis compares to about 70% on the same scale for the nomial Bayer product. Tlie wliite hydroxide is preferred in the paper, toothpaste, and artificial marble industries. 

Expandable VDC copolymer microspheres are prepared by a microsuspension process (191). The expanded microspheres are used in reinforced polyesters, blocking multipair cable, and in composites for furniture, marble, and marine appHcations (192—195). Vinylidene chloride copolymer microspheres are also used in printing inks and paper manufacture (196). 

We could explain the results of this experiment die way we did before die final distribution is clearly much more probable than the initial distribution. There is, however, another useful way of looking at this process. The system has gone from a highly ordered state (all the H2 molecules on the left, all the N2 molecules on the right) to a more disordered, or random, state in which the molecules are distributed evenly between the two bulbs. The same situation holds when marbles rather than molecules are mixed (Figure 17.3). In general, nature tends to move spontaneously from more ordered to more random states. 

Although sodium carbonate is needed in the manufacture of glass, very little is found in nature. It is made using two very abundant chemicals, calcium carbonate (marble) and sodium chloride (salt). The process involves many steps, but the overall reaction is... 

Each of these processes has a spontaneous direction, in which matter becomes more spread out or dispersed. Another way to describe these processes states that each reduces the constraints on the objects. The marbles in a bag, the boards of a fence, and the interlocking pieces of a jigsaw puzzle are restricted, or constrained, in their positions. We can summarize these observations in a common-sense law ... 

The gas molecules escaping from a bulb behave similarly to marbles rolling out of a bag. Molecules, like marbles, tend to become more dispersed, filling a larger volume. The opposite process, in which gas molecules become... 

Limestone varieties differ greatly from one another in their texture and the impurities they contain, and consequently they also differ in color. The color of limestone may vary from white (when it contains practically no impurities) to off-white and even to intensely colored. Minor inclusions within the limestone structure are often of silica, usually in a concentration below 5%, as well as feldspar and clay in still lesser amounts. Many types of limestone also include embedded fossils. Much limestone deposits in the outer crust of the earth are altered during geologic metamorphic processes that involve mainly pressure and heat but also liquids and gases. Marble, for example, a metamorphic rock derived from calcium carbonate, is white when composed only of this substance colored metal ions and other impurities impart to marble a wide range of colors such as red, yellow, and green and also give... 

FIGURE 44 Weathering. A weathered sandstone column. Calcite (composed of calcium carbonate) is dissolved by rain and groundwater (see Textbox 73). When stone in which calcite is a main component as, for example, sandstone, limestone, and marble, is in contact with water for long periods of time, it is weathered and partly or entirely dissolved. Pollutants such as sulfur dioxide are fundamental in accelerating the weathering and dissolution process. When sulfur dioxide, for example, dissolves in rainwater, it forms sulfuric acid, a strong acid that, at ambient temperatures, rapidly dissolves calcium carbonate. 

Step growth polymerization can also yield highly crosslinked polymer systems via a prepolymer process. In this process, we create a prepolymer through a step growth reaction mechanism on two of the sites of a trifunctional monomer. The third site, which is chemically different, can then react with another monomer that is added to the liquid prepolymer to create the crosslinked species. We often use heat to initiate the second reaction. We can use this method to directly create finished items by injecting a mixture of the liquid prepolymer and additional monomer into a mold where they polymerize to create the desired, final shape. Cultured marble countertops and some automotive body panels are created in this manner. 

Archaic fossils can only be found in geological formations which have not suffered any dramatic changes or deformations since their formation. The area of Western Australia near Marble Bar and North Pole is part of the geological formation known as the Pilbara Shield (Buick et al 1995). The hot, desolate North Pole region is about 40 km from the small town of Marble Bar. The sediments containing the fossils are in a former volcanic lagoon, which was formed in a complicated process (Groves et al., 1981). This area of western Australia was explored and described in detail years ago because of the many ore deposits it contains. In Swaziland, in the... 

Finely-divided calcium carbonate obtained from natural sources (chalk, limestone or marble) or as a by-product of another chemical process -precipitated whiting. Strictly speaking, the term whiting should be applied only to material prepared by grinding natural chalk . 

Novacon An adsorptive process for removing oxides of sulfur and nitrogen, and carbon monoxide, from combustion gases. The adsorbent is an active form of natural marble. 

A commercial process using a material called molecular sieve can also separate para-xylene from meta-xylene. Molecular sieves are marble-sized, pellets that have millions of pores, all of a size that para-xylene molecule can fit in but the meta-xylene molecule cannot. The pore sizes are so small they are measured in Angstroms, which are 1x10" centimeters (0.00000001 cm). Molecular sieves of varying pore sizes are used in many other applications as well. 

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