Manure regulations

Giga, D.P. 1987. Evaluation of the insect growth regulators cyromazine and diflubenzuron as surface sprays and feed additives for controlling houseflies Musca domestica (L.) in chicken manure. Inter. Pest Contr. 29 66-69. 

To show the dimensions of the allelochemical effect with all three above-mentioned paradigms before the era of mineral fertilizers, production of a crop required application of 20 tons of manure per hectare later, with mineral fertilizers only several centner per hectare are required, with regulators such as herbicides, 2 to 20 kg, and regulators such as Agrostemin only a few grams per hectare. 

More than 100 pharmaceutically active compounds of various prescription classes have been detected in water, livestock-derived manure, sewage, sediments, potable water, biosohds, and soil. The compounds detected belong to a wide range of classes of PPCPs, including antibiotics, antiphlogistics, antiepileptics, beta blockers, hpid regulators, vasodilators, and sympathomimetics. Most of the evidence for the presence of these compounds in the environment has been accumulated in aquatic systems. Occurrence in different matrices is also discussed. 

To further complicate the situation, when developing country producers seek to sell into two or more different import markets with different regulatory requirements, they must comply with the most stringent aspects of each regulation, which may be in contradiction. Echeverria (2004) compares the EU and USA regulations on the subject of manure utilisation ... 

It appears that, up to a certain point, the efficacy of farmyard manure 1b increased by a well-regulated fermentation, during which the Iobb of really valuable constituents Is trifling. But there is a danger of serious loss if the fermentation is pushed too far and the manure heap is frequently turned, whilst there is great heat developed by this fermentation. 

Centner, T.J. and T.A. Feitshans. 2006. Regulating manure application discharges from concentrated animal feeding operations in the United States. Environ. Pollut. 141 571-573. 

Approved inputs are listed in Annex II of the Regulation although nearly all require permission from the certifying body before they can be used. Approved fertilisers and soil conditioners include low soluble materials such as rock phosphate and lime, as well as animal manures and by-products such as bone meal and hoof/hom meal. More soluble materials such as blood meal, wood ash and potassium sulphate are also allowed, again following approval from the certification body. 

Annex IIA of the Regulation places a great importance on the use of animal manures and correct composting practices (MAFF 1999). The source of material for composting and animal manures must themselves be derived from organic systems wherever possible. The important point here is that the demands upon the growing of fruits and vegetables mean that such crops will need fertility enhancement in order to produce crops of suitable yield and quality. 

The contamination of soil by airborne heavy metals, as well as inputs from several agricultural practices such as specific mineral fertilizing and farmyard manuring, appears to be an important source of loadings. Hence, it is necessary for sustainable land use to regulate the input of relevant heavy metals by ordinances or guidelines. 

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