Concentrated animal feeding operation

Hutchins SR, White MV, Hudson FM, Fine DD (2007) Analysis of lagoon samples from different concentrated animal feeding operations for estrogens and estrogen conjugates. Environ Sci Technol 41 738-744... 

Spellman, F. R., and N. E. Whiting. 2007. Environmental management of concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFO). Boca Raton, FL CRC Press. 

Fate and Effects of Hormones in Wastes from Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations... 

Centner, T.J. and T.A. Feitshans. 2006. Regulating manure application discharges from concentrated animal feeding operations in the United States. Environ. Pollut. 141 571-573. 

Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations (CAFO) 412 Paint Formulating 446... 

Livestock production practices may result in the distribution of toxic substances to the environment. This has been especially true with concentrated livestock feeding operations that produce large amounts of waste products in small areas. The crowding of animals in these kinds of operations is conducive to the spread of disease so that antibiotics and other agents are often fed to the animals, and these materials and their metabolites appear in livestock wastes. 

The biomass concentration in the microscreen backwash is low. We have established however that centrifugation at 2800 g appears to allow concentration up to 2 or 3% dry solids, or by about a factor of ten. The pasty cake obtained could be used directly as an animal-feed additive if there were a market nearby, or could be dried for shipment. Centrifugation of microscreen backwash is a relatively low cost operation we estimate that it would add 10,000 to the capital cost and 2 hp to the power requirement of the estimates in Table 1. 

The amounts of pesticides passing from raw materials into fruit juices depend on the distribution of residues between the solid (skin or flesh) and liquid fruit portions. Moderately to highly lipophilic pesticides, such as parathion, captan, folpet or synthetic pyrethroids, usually pass to the raw juices only to a very limited extent. A further decrease of their contents may occur during operations such as clarification or ultrafiltration. The risk of infiltration of residues into the human food chain, however, exists when the solid waste with higher concentrations of pesticides is used as an animal feed. 

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