Manufacturing processes classification

Neural network classifiers. The neural network or other statistical classifiers impose strong requirements on the data and the inspection, however, when these are fulfilled then good fully automatic classification systems can be developed within a short period of time. This is for example the case if the inspection is a part of a manufacturing process, where the inspected pieces and the possible defect mechanisms are well known and the whole NDT inspection is done in repeatable conditions. In such cases it is possible to collect (or manufacture) as set of defect pieces, which can be used to obtain a training set. There are some commercially available tools (like ICEPAK [Chan, et al., 1988]) which can construct classifiers without any a-priori information, based only on the training sets of data. One has, however, always to remember about the limitations of this technique, otherwise serious misclassifications may go unnoticed. 

The uses of steel are too diverse to be Hsted completely or to serve as a basis of classification. Inasmuch as grades of steel are produced by more than one process, classification by method of manufacture is not advantageous. The most useful classification is by chemical composition into the large groups of carbon steels, alloy steels, and stainless steels. Within these groups are many subdivisions based on chemical composition, physical or mechanical properties, or uses. 

However, it has to be considered that it is neither the content of free formaldehyde itself nor the molar ratio which eventually should be taken as the decisive and the only criterion for the classification of a resin concerning the subsequent formaldehyde emission from the finished board. In reality, the composition of the glue mix as well as the various process parameters during the board production also determine both performance and formaldehyde emission. Depending on the type of board and the manufacturing process, it is sometimes recommended to use a UF-resin with a low molar ratio F/U (e.g. F/U = 1.03), hence low content of free formaldehyde, while sometimes the use of a resin with a higher molar ratio (e.g. F/U = 1.10) and the addition of a formaldehyde catcher/depressant will give better results [17]. Which of these two, or other possible approaches, is the better one in practice can only be decided in each case by trial and error. 

Recommended Practice for the Classification of Combustible Dusts and of Hazardous (Classified) Locations for Electrical Installations in Chemical Process Areas Standard for the Prevention of Fire and Dust Explosions from the Manufacturing, Processing, and Handling of Combustible Particulate Solids... 

Lubricating oil additives (LOAs), 19 69 Lubricating oil base stocks, 15 214-219 biodegradable, 15 218-219 classification of, 15 214-215 manufacturing processes for,... 

Residual solvents are the third general classification of impurities in pharmaceuticals. This class is described as inorganic or organic liquids used during the manufacturing process. Typically, these solvents can only be evaluated by gas chromatography and therefore will not be addressed in this chapter. 

The consequence of such a classification would be that ethanol would need to be replaced in pharmaceutical manufacturing processes despite it being probably the safest and greenest of all organic solvents. 

Explosive Hazard Classification of Drowning Tank Material from TNT Manufacturing Process , PATR 4613 (1974) 19) Anon, The... 

The scale of the sample micro-calorimetry (mg), macro-calorimetry (g), preparative or bench scale (hg-kg). This classification is essentially useful when the amount of available reactants is limited, or when dangerous reactions have to be studied. In such a case, using only small amounts allows one to run the experiments safely. Of course, larger scales perform more realistic experiments in the sense that they mimic the manufacturing process. 

Terms used for virus classification related to the biological of interest and the manufacturing processing are relevant viruses, specific model viruses, and nonspecific model viruses. The first refers to a virus that is likely to be present in the initial crude starting biological material, the second is a model... 

Pharmaceutical products can be readily classified and arranged by their therapeutic functions. Classification according to chemical criteria is more difficult, because the pharmaceutical industry employs more complicated steps in its manufacturing processes than most other chemical industries. In this section, we will briefly describe the various therapeutic classes of drugs and we will also include the reactions involved in the synthesis of some representative examples of drug substances. 

An application-oriented classification of pigment blacks distinguishes between High Color (HC), Medium Color (MC), Regular Color (RC) and Low Color (LC) pigment blacks. A third capital letter relates to the manufacturing process furnace black process (F) or gas black process (C, from the historically similar channel black process). 

Another classification, more appropriate for accounting, divides the costs associated with the manufacturing process in two types (1) Fixed costs and (2) Variable costs. 

Synthetic amorphous silica (SAS) became industrially relevant in the second half of the 20th century. From all the developments mainly three different manufacturing processes are now used on an industrial basis. The ideas originated in North America and Germany (see Table 43.1). Ferch in [1] provides an overview and a classification of the different types of silica. 

METEIODOLOGY. Our second approach to reaction indexing was as down-to-earth and practical as the first was academic. We still stored the confound information on reactants and products, but reaction sites, broken bonds and so on were all discarded and a chemical/mechanistic basis was chosen for the reaction classification. The reactions studied were those which had been used by our Process Development Department for evaluation as manufacturing processes. 

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