Oriental classification

According to their effects on Ti alloying, elements may be subdivided in the following categories which represent an example not only of a structural, but also of an application-oriented classification ... 

Although the variety of admixtures that are commercially available are marketed under a multitude of benefit-orientated classifications, namely waterproofers, densifiers, workability aids, etc., it is possible to categorize the basic chemicals used as shown in Table 1.1. 

In addition to grouping the mixers according to their mixing principles and their generic microstructure designs, a practically oriented classification refers to the complexity of the fluid network [25], So-called in-plane mixers rely on streams which are divided and mixed in a fluid network confined to one level (i.e. a pattern that can be projected on to a single plane) [25], In turn, out-of-plane mixers rely on a... 

Jellinek, J. S. 1990. A consumer oriented classification of perfumes. Dragoco Report 37 16-29. 

An application-oriented classification of pigment blacks distinguishes between High Color (HC), Medium Color (MC), Regular Color (RC) and Low Color (LC) pigment blacks. A third capital letter relates to the manufacturing process furnace black process (F) or gas black process (C, from the historically similar channel black process). 

K. Varmuza et al. MSclass. Software for Chemical-Structure-Structure-Oriented Classification of Mass Spectra. Classifier Guide. Applied ChemoMetrics, Technische Universitat Wien, 1996. 

In the eighteenth century the artisanal world of the apothecary trade was an enduring practical and institutional context for chemists experimental smdies and classification of plant materials. But chemists also presented other practically oriented classifications depending on their occupations and interests and the audience... 

Earthquake damage mapping Object-oriented classification Very high-resolution SAR and optical images... 

Table L Defense-Oriented, Metabolism-Oriented, and Resource-Oriented Classifications of Secondary Metabolites...

Figure 3 Classification of detection for various orientation - analysis of the influence of the use of filters (figure 4) ...

A familiar feature of the electronic theory is the classification of substituents, in terms of the inductive and conjugative or resonance effects, which it provides. Examples from substituents discussed in this book are given in table 7.2. The effects upon orientation and reactivity indicated are only the dominant ones, and one of our tasks is to examine in closer detail how descriptions of substituent effects of this kind meet the facts of nitration. In general, such descriptions find wide acceptance, the more so since they are now known to correspond to parallel descriptions in terms of molecular orbital theory ( 7.2.2, 7.2.3). Only in respect of the interpretation to be placed upon the inductive effect is there still serious disagreement. It will be seen that recent results of nitration studies have produced evidence on this point ( 9.1.1). 

In the last section we examined some of the categories into which polymers can be classified. Various aspects of molecular structure were used as the basis for classification in that section. Next we shall consider the chemical reactions that produce the molecules as a basis for classification. The objective of this discussion is simply to provide some orientation and to introduce some typical polymers. For this purpose a number of polymers may be classified as either addition or condensation polymers. Each of these classes of polymers are discussed in detail in Part II of this book, specifically Chaps. 5 and 6 for condensation and addition, respectively. Even though these categories are based on the reactions which produce the polymers, it should not be inferred that only two types of polymerization reactions exist. We have to start somewhere, and these two important categories are the usual place to begin. 

Table 3. Susceptibility Classification of Commercial Wrought Aluminum Alloys in Plate Form—Short Transverse Orientation ...

The tubes that are around the flame get most of their heat energs t rom radiation. The tubes in the top of the chamber get their heat from com ec-tion as the hot exhaust gases rise up through the heater and heat ihc process fluid in the tubes. The principal classification of fired heaters relates to the orientation of the heating coil in the radiant section. The tube coils of vertical fired heaters are placed vertically along the walls of the combustion chamber. Firing also occurs vertically from the Hoor of the heater. All the tubes are subjected to radiant energy. 

The Ingold248 classification of esterification and hydrolysis reactions is reported in Table 4. Basic compounds are seldom used as catalysts for esterifications, at least in diluted media. Thus, in Table 4 all arrows are oriented right to left. However, some authors (Naudet193, Kutepov27 ) carried out base-catalyzed esterifications in concentrated media and proposed mechanisms. 

Different ways of the structural classification of deposits exist. In one system, the following structures are distinguished arbitrarily (1) fine-crystalline deposits lacking orientation, (2) coarse-crystalline deposits poorly oriented, (3) compact textured deposits oriented in field direction (prismatic deposits), and (4) isolated crystals with a predominant orientation in the field direction (friable deposits, dendrites). The structure of metal deposits depends on a large number of factors solution composition, the impurities present in the solntion, the current density, surface pretreatment, and so on. 

As stated earlier, LDA requires that the variance-covariance matrices of the classes being considered can be pooled. This is only so when these matrices can be considered to be equal, in the same way that variances can only be pooled, when they are considered equal (see Section 2.1.4.4). Equal variance-covariance means that the 95% confidence ellipsoids have an equal volume (variance) and orientation in space (covariance). Figure 33.10 illustrates situations of unequal variance or covariance. Clearly, Fig. 33.1 displays unequal variance-covariance, so that one must expect that QDA gives better classification, as is indeed the case (Fig. 33.2). When the number of objects is smaller than the number of variables m, the variance-covariance matrix is singular. Clearly, this problem is more severe for QDA (which requires m < n ) than for LDA, where the variance-covariance matrix is pooled and therefore the number of objects N is the sum of all objects... 

In order to systematise the literature, the following classification is used with respect to the metal dioxygen bonding orientations found in oxygen carriers. 

The solvent triangle classification method of Snyder Is the most cosDBon approach to solvent characterization used by chromatographers (510,517). The solvent polarity index, P, and solvent selectivity factors, X), which characterize the relative importemce of orientation and proton donor/acceptor interactions to the total polarity, were based on Rohrscbneider s compilation of experimental gas-liquid distribution constants for a number of test solutes in 75 common, volatile solvents. Snyder chose the solutes nitromethane, ethanol and dloxane as probes for a solvent s capacity for orientation, proton acceptor and proton donor capacity, respectively. The influence of solute molecular size, solute/solvent dispersion interactions, and solute/solvent induction interactions as a result of solvent polarizability were subtracted from the experimental distribution constants first multiplying the experimental distribution constant by the solvent molar volume and thm referencing this quantity to the value calculated for a hypothetical n-alkane with a molar volume identical to the test solute. Each value was then corrected empirically to give a value of zero for the polar distribution constant of the test solutes for saturated hydrocarbon solvents. These residual, values were supposed to arise from inductive and... 

IUPAC classification, mesoporous materials are defined as porous materials with diameters in the range 2-50 nm, which is rather dose to the dimensions of functional biomolecules such as proteins. Therefore, unexplored phenomena and functions could be observed for biomolecules confined in mesopore channels due to their restricted motion and orientation. In this chapter, we briefly introduce recent developments on the immobilization of biomolecules in mesoporous media, where the use of mesoporous silica and mesoporous carbon are mainly discussed. 

In the last decade much effort has been oriented to the fabrication of artificial olfaction machines able to determine chemical images (also odor images) of complex volatile compounds. Today many different electronic noses and tongues are available for odor detection and classification and for the creation of chemical images of liquids. 

In this chapter, the mathematical formulation of the variable classification problem is stated and some structural properties are discussed in terms of graphical techniques. Different strategies are available for carrying out process-variable classification. Both graph-oriented approaches and matrix-based techniques are briefly analyzed in the context of their usefulness for performing variable categorization. The use of output set assignment procedures for variable classification is described and illustrated. 

Pt(2.5 + ), and Pt(3.0+). These oxidation states correspond to their formal oxidation states of Pt(II)2, Pt(II)3Pt(III), Pt(II)2Pt(III)2 and Pt(III)2, respectively. To date the Pt(2.75+) state corresponding to Pt(II)Pt(III)3 has never been found. In addition to this classification, the structures can also be grouped according to the orientation of the two bridging amidate ligands within a dimeric unit head-to-head (HH) and head-to-tail (HT) are known to Pt(II)2 and Pt(III)2 compounds (52, 53, 94, 95) (see A-l, A-2, D-l, and D-3 in Fig. 5). However, only the HH isomers afford a dimer of dimers, leading to the tetrapla-tinum chain structure of platinum-blues. On the other hand, the HT... 

The two surfaces that comprise a contact can be oriented in any number of specific ways however, for crystalline surfaces, interfacial symmetries correspond to either of two broad classifications. The first type of orientation is called the commensurate case and is found when two identical surfaces are perfectly aligned. The term incommensurate corresponds to the case in which two crystalline surfaces are misoriented or have different periodicities. An example of a commensurate systems is given as structure A in Figure 7, whereas structures B through D are incommensurate. Interestingly, the orientation of the surfaces within a contact has a tremendous influence on... 

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