Manganese oxide spinel

K. Amine, J. Liu, S. Kang, 1. Belharouak, Y. Hyung, D. Vissers, G. Hendiiksen, J. Power Sources 2004,129,14-19. Improved lithium manganese oxide spinel/graphite Li-ion cells for high-power applications. 

C. M. Julien, M. Massot, Lattice vibrations of materials for lithium rechargeable batteries 1. Lithium manganese oxide spinel. Materials Science and Engineering B 2003, 97, 217-230. 

The most common intercalation compounds employed by LPBs are vanadium oxide, V60i3(5, 11-14), vanadium bronze, LiVsOs (15-18), titanium disulphide, TiS2[12], titanium dioxide, Ti02[19] and lithium-manganese-oxide spinel Lii+xMn2O4[20]. The amount of lithium which can be reversibly intercalated in the various cited compounds, namely the value of X in equation [6.2], varies from case to case. Accordingly, the value... 

Gummow RJ, de Kock A, Thackeray MM (1994) Improved capacity retention in rechargeable 4 V lithium/lithium manganese oxide (spinel) cells. Sol State Ionics 69 59-67... 

Tucker MC, Reimer JA, Cairns EJ (2002) A 7Li NMR study of capacity fade in metal-substituted lithium manganese oxide spinels. J Electrochem Soc 149 A574—A585... 

Wang El (1998) Method of treating lithium manganese oxide spinel. US Patent 5,783,328... 

Lithium manganese oxide spinel belongs to a different structure class (Table 1.3, Fig. 1.5) from the previously discussed layered LiM02 materials (M = Co or Ni). The molecular formula of lithium manganese oxide spinel, commonly expressed as LiMn204 is based on atomic ratios of 1 2 4 (Li Mn 0). 

Complex compounds of lithium and heavy metal oxides as nickel oxide and cobalt oxide are working more effectively than the lithium/manganese oxide spinel which incorporates lithium ions into its tube like voids whereas the former with their layered structure take up and release lithium ions more easily. 

Yonemura M et al (2004) Synthesis, strueUrre, and phase relationship in lithium manganese oxide spinel. J Mater Chem 14 1948-1958... 

Michalska, M., Lipihska, L., Mirkowska, M., Aksienionek, M., Diduszko, R., and Wasiucionek, M. (2011) Nanocrystalline lithium-manganese oxide spinels for Li-ion batteries sol-gel synthesis and characterization of their structure and selected physical properties. Solid State Ionics, 188 (1), 160 164. 

R.M. Darling, "Lithium Manganese Oxide Spinel Electrodes." Ph.D. Dissertation, University of California, Berkeley, 1998. 

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