Exposure parameters

I.andstrdm, L). (1995). Exposure parameters Involved in low frequency noise annoyance. Proceeding .Assessing, ind Controlling Community Noise with I.ow Frequenev Com[ioncms. Copenhagen, December. 

In some situations, it may be appropriate to combine one pathway s RME risks with other pathway s risk estimates diat liave been derived from more typical exposure parameter values. In this way, resulting estimates of combined pathway risks may better relate to RME conditions. 

Both characteristic X-ray line and continuous spectra were used to evaluate the performances of the resists. To determine exposure parameters (i.e. sensitivity and contrast) irradiations were carried gut in this study using the aluminum Kot- 2 emission line at 8.3t A generated by means of a modified Vacuum Generators Limited model EG-2 electron beam evaporation gun. The resist samples were exposed through a mask (A) consisting of a range of aluminum foils of different thicknesses supported on an absorbing nickel frame in order to vary the X-ray flux. 

The reproducibility of heat ageing tests is often relatively poor and it is likely that much of the variability is due to lack of control of the oven and exposure parameters. 

More data on the correlation of tissue levels to exposure parameters would be useful for increasing the power of epidemiological studies to measure statistically significant associations between heptachlor exposure and health effects in cohorts from both occupational or contaminated community environments. 

Dalbey W, Henry M, Holmberg R, et al. 1987. Role of exposure parameters in toxicity of aerosolized diesel fuel in the rat. J Appl Toxicol 7(4) 265-275. 

The question of the oxygen isotopes is further complicated by the apparent correlation of the isotope ratios with the neutron exposure parameter (as defined by... 

Physico-chemical properties, and routes and patterns of exposure. Parameters relevant to identifying stochastic responses include physical state, physical and chemical properties, and exposure pathways in the environment. 

Rayner, J.L., C. Wood, and S.E. Fenton (2003). Exposure parameters necessary for delayed puberty and mammary gland development in Long-Evans rats exposed in utero to atrazine. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 195 23-24. 

Calculations of the incident electron penetration depth into the dielectric layer is a well understood phenomenon [58,59] in recent years many Monte Carlo simulation tools were developed to study it. In our case it allowed an easy calculation of the photoresist layer thickness for different exposure parameters of the eb. For example if the eb exposure is done with Vo = 15 kV accelerating voltage and the dielectric layer is selected to be polymethylmethacrylate (pmma), we estimate the penetration depth by Kanaya and Okayama s [58] expression ... 

Exposure assessment involves the specification of values for parameters, either for direct determination of the exposure or as input for mechanistic or empirical or distribution-based models that are used to fill the exposure scenario with adequate information. Numerical values for exposure parameters are obtained using various approaches, such as the USEPA s Exposure Factors Handbook (USEPA, 1997a), the European Union s (EU) Technical Guidance Document (EU, 2003), the German XProb project (Mekel, 2003) and the European KTL s ExpoFacts (Vuori et al., 2006). 

Measurements of exposure parameters—for example, the indoor air concentrations of chemicals, time-activity patterns and the chemical composition of consumer products—will as a rule be subject to errors inherent in the methodology used, such as errors in the analytical methods used to measure chemical concentrations or inaccuracies in the survey data due to incorrect reporting by the participants. These errors may be categorized as random or systematic (biased) errors ... 

In order to investigate the influence of beryllium as a plasma impurity on the chemical erosion of carbon tiles at the divertor strike point, various types of carbons were exposed to a beryllium-seeded, steady state D-plasma in the PISCES-B facility (typical exposure parameters are ne 1-5 x 1018m-3, Id 1-5 x 1022m2 x s-1, Tsampie 330-970K and a total exposure time... 

These studies were later extended to the ignition of specially prepared cellulose sheets" as a model for the broad class of kindling fuels. These sheets were made from a single batch of wood a-cellu-lose, with various proportions of carbon black added to provide a variation in optical properties from white to black. The thickness of the sheet varied within the range of 0.002 to 0.03". Furthermore, the samples were prepared in two densities, which gave two different sets of heat-conduction properties. Thus, the experimental samples had the same chemical properties but a considerable latitude for variation in physical properties. The samples were exposed to constant thermal radiation at levels of 2—23 cal.cm. sec. , to establish the relationship between the threshold of ignition (with the exposure parameter) and the fuel properties. 

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