Mammals references

Eriksson OE Pneumocystis carinii, a parasite in lungs of mammals, referred to a new family and order (Pneumocystidaceae, Pneumocystidales, Ascomycota). Systema Ascomycetum 1995 13 165-180. 

Several years ago, it was discovered that the thyroid gland was also the source of a hypocalcemic hormone having effects in general opposition to those of the parathyroid hormone. This hormone is produced in mammals by the parafollicular C-ceUs and in other vertebrates by the ultimobrachial bodies (45). Originally called thyrocalcitonin, it is now referred to as calcitonin (CT). 

The two major types of genotypic sex determination, the mammalian and the avian types, can be referred to as XX/XY or ZZ/ZW, respectively. In animals expressing the XX/XY system, the male is the heterogametic sex (XY) while the female is homogametic (XX). The avian equivalent to the Y-chromosome of mammals is designated by the letter W, and the X-chromosome denoted by the... 

Organisms differ with respect to formation, processing, and utilization of polyunsaturated fatty acids. E. coli, for example, does not have any polyunsaturated fatty acids. Eukaryotes do synthesize a variety of polyunsaturated fatty acids, certain organisms more than others. For example, plants manufacture double bonds between the A and the methyl end of the chain, but mammals cannot. Plants readily desaturate oleic acid at the 12-position (to give linoleic acid) or at both the 12- and 15-positions (producing linolenic acid). Mammals require polyunsaturated fatty acids, but must acquire them in their diet. As such, they are referred to as essential fatty acids. On the other hand, mammals can introduce double bonds between the double bond at the 8- or 9-posi-tion and the carboxyl group. Enzyme complexes in the endoplasmic reticulum desaturate the 5-position, provided a double bond exists at the 8-position, and form a double bond at the 6-position if one already exists at the 9-position. Thus, oleate can be unsaturated at the 6,7-position to give an 18 2 d5-A ,A fatty acid. 

Na+/K+-ATPase. Figure 2 Specific Inhibitors of Na+/K+-ATPase. (a) Endogenous cardiac glycosides identified in mammals. Substances with a 5-membered lactone at position C17 of the steroid moiety are referred to as cardenolides, those with a 6-membered lactone as bufadienolides. (b) Palytoxin (C P NsO ) produced by corals of the genus Palythoa. 

Shore, R.F. and Rattner, B.A. (2001). Ecotoxicology of Wild Mammals—A very detailed, well-structured, and well-referenced text in which organochlorine insecticides and their effects are fully represented. A standard reference work. 

Mechanistic studies have shown that TBT and certain other forms of trialkyltin have two distinct modes of toxic action in vertebrates. On the one hand they act as inhibitors of oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria (Aldridge and Street 1964). Inhibition is associated with repression of ATP synthesis, disturbance of ion transport across the mitochondrial membrane, and swelling of the membrane. Oxidative phosphorylation is a vital process in animals and plants, and so trialkyltin compounds act as wide-ranging biocides. Another mode of action involves the inhibition of forms of cytochrome P450, which was referred to earlier in connection with metabolism. This has been demonstrated in mammals, aquatic invertebrates and fish (Morcillo et al. 2004, Oberdorster 2002). TBTO has been shown to inhibit P450 activity in cells from various tissues of mammals, including liver, kidney, and small intestine mucosa, both in vivo and in vitro (Rosenberg and Drummond 1983, Environmental Health Criteria 116). 

Boon, J.P., Van Arnhem, E., and Jansen, S. et al. (1992). The toxicokinetics of PCBs in marine mammals with special reference to possible interactions of individual congeners with cytochrome P450 dependent monooxygenase systems an overview. In C.H Walker and D. Livingstone (1992). Persistent Pollutants in Marine Ecosystems 119-160. 

There are many similarities and differences in the anatomy and physiology of mammals, birds, and humans. It is outside the scope of this chapter to elaborate on the individual differences. For a brief review, refer to the third edition of Modern Pharmaceutics [9] and the second edition of Development and Formulation of Veterinary Dosage Forms [10]. 

In the organism tissues, fatty acids are continually renewed in order to provide not only for the energy requirements, but also for the synthesis of multicomponent lipids (triacylglycerides, phospholipids, etc.). In the organism cells, fatty acids are resynthetized from simpler compounds through the aid of a supramolecular multienzyme complex referred to as fatty acid synthetase. At the Lynen laboratory, this synthetase was first isolated from yeast and then from the liver of birds and mammals. Since in mammals palmitic acid in this process is a major product, this multienzyme complex is also called palmitate synthetase. 

O Iron Absorption in Mammals with Particular Reference to Man... 

There are important exceptions to the rule that the physiological effects of cAMP in mammals are achieved via the activation of protein kinase A. The most prominent is a class of ion channels, referred to as HCN (hyperpolarization cyclic nucleotide gated) channels, that directly bind, and are thereby gated by, cAMP. Several forms of HCN channel are widely expressed in brain and peripheral tissues and have been implicated in the regulation of many facets of cell function. 

Schintu, M., F. Jean-Caurant, and J.C. Amiard. 1992. Qrganomercury determination in biological reference materials application to a study on mercury speciation in marine mammals off the Faroe Islands. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Safety 24 95-101. 

Marine mammals collected near heavily urbanized or industrialized areas or near zinc pollution point sources usually had elevated zinc concentrations when compared to individuals of the same species and of similar age from relatively pristine environments (Eisler 1984). Zinc concentrations in tissues of the ringed seal (Phoca hispida) were essentially the same in animals near a lead-zinc mine and in those of a distant reference site, although lead and selenium burdens were elevated in the vicinity... 

Table 11.7 Lethal and Sublethal Effects of Atrazine on Selected Species of Mammals Organism, Dose, and Other Variables Effect and Reference...

A total of 58 dead vertebrate animals (birds, amphibians, reptiles, mammals) were found on the first block, 39 on the second block, and 50 from the reference site. Authors concluded that risk to wildlife is low (Mortenson et al. 1999)... 

---