Flow environment

In the bioprocess industries materials that are adversely affected by their engineering flow environment are loosely and collectively referred to as shear... 

The sensor response depends not only on the polarity of the analyte, but also on the flow environment. In the mammalian olfactory system, the nasal cavity structure plays an extremely important role in odor discrimination13. 

Stitzel S. E., Stein D. R., Walt D. R., Enhancing vapor sensor discrimination by mimicking a canine nasal cavity flow environment, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003 125 3684-5. 

In the last few years, the corresponding process technology and plants for microstructured reactors have been established, both by new customized process-flow environments from specialized providers (see Fig. 1) and by retrofit into existing plants at the company site. 

The concept of turbulent reacting flows encompasses many different meanings and depends on the interaction range, which is governed by the overall character of the flow environment. Associated with various flows are different characteristic times, or, as more commonly used, different characteristic lengths. 

Devos, Y. Reheul, D. De Schrijver, A. Cors, F. and W. Moens (2004) Management of herbicide-tolerant oilseed rape in Europe a case study on minimizing vertical gene flow.- Environ. Biosafety Res.3, 135-148. 

Several technologies can be employed. The most widespread today makes use of homogeneous catalysts, in batch or in continuous-flow environments. Both reaction and separation steps can create bottlenecks. The availability of heterogeneous catalysis allows the suppression of neutralization and washing steps, leading to a simpler and more efficient process. However, the research of super active and robust catalysts is still an open problem. Supercritical hydrolysis and transesterification can be conducted without a catalyst, but in extreme conditions of pressure and temperature. 

Janini GM, Muschik GM, Issaq HJ. Micellar electrokinetic chromatography in zero-electroosmotic flow environment. J Chromatogr B Biomed Appl 1996 683 29. 

Brooks, S.C., Carroll, S.L., and Jardine, P.M., Sustained bacterial reduction of Co(III)EDTA - in the presence of competing geochemical oxidation during dynamic flow, Environ. Sci. Technol., 33, 3002, 1999. 

To obtain the reaction attributes for a particular set of vibrational, rotational and translational energies, many trajectories were simulated at given values of N2 vibrational and rotational quantum numbers and N2-O relative translational energy. The N2 molecular orientation, vibrational phase and impact parameter were chosen randomly for each trajectory. The reaction attributes were then determined by averaging the outcomes of all collisions. The information obtained is state-specific, so for example, the energy distributions of the reactant and product molecules can be determined. The method used to calculate the vibrational and rotational state of the product molecule is outlined in Ref. 67. With the QCT approach, reaction cross sections were determined solely from the precollision state. The method knows nothing of the fluid flow environment and so... 

In extremely sluggish groundwater flow environments, e.g., as methane pockets in shale where the gas is in pressure-equilibrium with surrounding groundwater and where the only dispersal mechanism is diffusion. 

Equation 5.34 is similar to the rule-of-thumb discussed in Section 4.5.3 that a recycle loop reactor approximate a CSTR. The reader may wonder why the rule-of-thumb proposed a minimum recycle ratio of 8 in Chapter 4 but 10 here. Thumbs vary in size. More conservative designers have proposed a minimum recycle ratio of 16, and loop reactors with recycle ratios above 100 are known. The real issue is how much conversion per pass can be tolerated in the more-or-less piston flow environment of the heat exchanger. The same issue arises in the stirred tank reactor itself since the... 

The contribution of such additives [tonka bean, deer tongue, vanilla extract] to the chemical and biological effects of cigarette smoke would be in proportion to the amounts of such additives used and also to the pyrolytic-distillation pattern to which the additive is subjected in the thermal flow environment of the burning cigarette. 

Figure 8.4.1 Particle motion and resolution of undisturbed Stokes-Oseen flow about a larger cylindrical collector. [After Spielman, L.A. Goren, S.L. 1970. Capture of small particles by London forces from low-speed liquid flows. Environ. Sci. Technol. 4, 135—140. Copyright 1970 American Chemical Society. With permission.]...

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